![\"\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627](\"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Why-flipping-sheet-metal-mid-bend-quietly-multiplies-your-tolerance-stack_w1200.jpg\")
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\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629. \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c. \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642. \u0643\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 - \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0623\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 V \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064b\u0627. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u062e \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0628. 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\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 14 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641 V\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0641 V\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a (Air Bending)\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0641\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 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\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644:<\/strong> \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a (V-die) \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 (Offsets). \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u064a (Bottoming) \u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 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\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0643\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644 8 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644 96 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 7 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 V \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639. \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0646\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 - \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0644\u0627. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 0.010 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 - \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0628 (crowning). \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 - \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f - \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0628 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f (Spring-up tooling) \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u201c\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630\u0643.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644. \u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0639\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 - \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0643 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644:<\/strong> \u0627\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0628 (Crown) \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 (Shims) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 0.375 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0637\u0631\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 10\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644 72 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629. \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u062a\u0645 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642. \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628. \u0628\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0648\u062c\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 89.2 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 90.1 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0639 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629. \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a 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\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u2014 P = 650 \u00d7 S\u00b2 \u00d7 L \/ V \u2014 \u0641\u0623\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0626 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 5 \u0625\u0644\u0649 10 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062b\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0644\u0648\u0635 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 2 \u0645\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 (offset die) \u0628\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 0.5 \u0645\u0645. \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b 1\u00d7 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1.5\u00d7 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u2014\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 1.5\u00d7 \u0623\u0648 2\u00d7 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629\u2014\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a (air bending)\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0643\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 (V-opening). \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 (offset bottoming)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631. \u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631: \u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639. \u0623\u0636\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u2014\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0639\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u201c\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642\u201d. \u0641\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0637\u0631\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0644\u0633 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644:<\/strong> \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0636\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u2014\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062d\u064f\u0644\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0647\u0648: \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u062c\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644: \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627. 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\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641. \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e: \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u201c\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b\u201d \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f. \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u062a\u0643 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0648\u064a\u062c (crowning) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0648 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644:<\/strong> \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0635 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631. \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 (Offset dies) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 (V-opening) \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u064a (Offset bottoming)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0639\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 1.5 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0636\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629. \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 (V-opening) \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 8-12 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 (Offset tooling) \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649. \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636. \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644:<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u064a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 (V) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 (Offset dies) \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641 Z \u0648\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0643: \u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 (Offset die) \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u061f<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u062c\u064a\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 (Offset tooling) \u0638\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 - \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 - \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0646. \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u061f \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0646. \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 (Offset dies) \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 11 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a 1.5 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u064a\u062f. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u201c\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a (Air bending) \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639 (Offset bottoming) \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629. \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629\u061b \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629. \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0636\u063a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649. \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0643 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0643 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a 0. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u0643 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a. \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062d \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b\u061f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637. \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f \u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0635 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0634\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644:<\/strong> \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0636\u0628\u0637.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644. \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u0643.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629. \u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643. \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u00b10.5 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 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\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627.<\/td><\/tr> \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644<\/td> \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0646: \u201c\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0641 Z \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0627\u064b\u201d. \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0641\u0632 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/td><\/tr> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a<\/td> \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 V \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629. \u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/td><\/tr> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/td> \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 V \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/td><\/tr> \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621<\/td> \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641. \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/td><\/tr> \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td> \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062b\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637.<\/td><\/tr> \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/td> \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a (V-die) \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 (Offsets). \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639 (Bottoming tonnage) \u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b.<\/td><\/tr> \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d<\/td> \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u061f<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u201c\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0637\u0626 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 90 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641 V<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0635: \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0643\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633: \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629: \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0648\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 (Crown compensation): \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062b\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0629 (\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 (Web): \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644: \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631: \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644: \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 Z \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629: \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 (punch)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629: \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 (Offset Dies): \u0645\u0646 \u201c\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u201d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 80 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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