\u201cNihai form\u00fcl\u201d\u00fcn neden eksiksiz g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ama sahadaki ger\u00e7ekleri sessizce g\u00f6rmezden geldi\u011fi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n![\""Basit](\"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Why-the-simple-formula-feels-complete-but-quietly-ignores-field-realities_w1200.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nO hesaplay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekte yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey \u015fuydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7o\u011fumuzun \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi hava b\u00fckme form\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131: Ayak ba\u015f\u0131na tonaj = [ (K \u00d7 UTS \u00d7 t\u00b2) \/ V ]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nBurada: <\/p>\n\n\n\n
[K] = sabit (hava b\u00fckme i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,33) <\/p>\n\n\n\n
[UTS] = malzeme \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
[t] = malzeme kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
[V] = kal\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Say\u0131lar\u0131 girdi\u011finizde temiz bir sonu\u00e7 verir. Bilimsel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Tam hissettirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ama o i\u015fte, \u00e7izimde \u201cA36\u201d yaz\u0131yordu. Gelen parti kitap de\u011ferinden daha sert \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kal\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nominal 8\u00d7 kal\u0131nl\u0131k de\u011fildi \u2014 yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in daha dard\u0131. Ve b\u00fckme uzunlu\u011fu neredeyse t\u00fcm tabla boyunca uzan\u0131yordu; o noktada dinamik ta\u00e7 ayar\u0131 yapmad\u0131ysan\u0131z sehim a\u00e7\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7almaya ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Form\u00fcl ortalama dayan\u0131m, standart V de\u011feri, e\u015f y\u00fck da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ve m\u00fckemmel destek varsayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ger\u00e7ek at\u00f6lyeler \u201cortalama\u201dyla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bir keresinde, biri levha \u00fczerindeki \u00b10,015\u2033 kal\u0131nl\u0131k fark\u0131na ra\u011fmen nominal kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa g\u00fcvendi\u011fi i\u00e7in bir kal\u0131p burun ucunun \u00e7atlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. O fazladan kal\u0131nl\u0131k form\u00fcl\u00fcn i\u00e7inde kendisini kareye ald\u0131. O k\u0131sm\u0131 unutmay\u0131n: t\u00b2<\/strong>. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir giri\u015f hatas\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tonaj s\u0131\u00e7ramas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\nHerhangi bir say\u0131ya g\u00fcvenmeden \u00f6nce, ayn\u0131 partiden bir hurda \u015ferit al\u0131n ve k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta bir test b\u00fckmesi yap\u0131n. Ger\u00e7ek a\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 hedefle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n. Oradan ayarlay\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yani matematik do\u011fruysa, kal\u0131p neden yine de k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Matematiksel tahmin ile g\u00fcvenli bir makine ayar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki fark<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Bir hesap makinesi \u015fekillendirme kuvvetini tahmin eder. G\u00fcvenli bir kurulum ise makine ve tak\u0131m s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na sayg\u0131 duyar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Matematiksel](\"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/The-difference-between-a-mathematical-estimate-and-a-safe-machine-setup_w1200.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nBunlar ayn\u0131 problem de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pres b\u00fckme makineniz, bak\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa g\u00fcn boyu \u00b10.5\u00b0 hassasiyetle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir. Lazer geri bildirimi ve ta\u00e7 ayar\u0131 d\u00fczg\u00fcn davran\u0131yorsa belki daha da s\u0131k\u0131. Ancak bu hassasiyet, g\u00f6vdenin maksimum y\u00fcke yak\u0131nken esnemedi\u011fini ve tak\u0131m\u0131n kendi kapasitesinin \u00f6tesinde gerilmedi\u011fini varsayar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hesap makinesi toplamda bize 82 ton verdi. 100 tonluk bir makinede kula\u011fa g\u00fcvenli geliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ama detaya inelim: [Toplam tonaj] \u00f7 [B\u00fckme uzunlu\u011fu (ft)] = [Ayak ba\u015f\u0131na ton]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
E\u011fer 6 fit \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ysak: [82 ton] \u00f7 [6 ft] \u2248 [13.7 ton\/ft]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
O kal\u0131p, ayak ba\u015f\u0131na 12 ton i\u00e7in derecelendirilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Makine iyiydi. Tak\u0131m de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bir operat\u00f6r\u00fcn, makine kapasitesini kontrol ederken kal\u0131p tablosuna hi\u00e7 bakmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in alt kal\u0131b\u0131n omuzlarda mantarla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 izledim. Pres dayand\u0131. Kal\u0131p dayanmad\u0131. \u00c7elik her zaman bir yerde akma g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tam uzunlukta \u00fcretime ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce, hesaplalanan tonajda 6\u201312 in\u00e7 b\u00fck\u00fcn ve gereken kuvveti, tak\u0131m\u0131n ayak ba\u015f\u0131na derecesiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n. E\u011fer tak\u0131m s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n \u2019u i\u00e7inde kal\u0131yorsan\u0131z, durun ve V a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya malzeme partisini yeniden de\u011ferlendirin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Peki \u201cyaln\u0131zca\u201d y\u00fczde onluk bir fark oldu\u011funda ne olur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bir tonaj hatas\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek bedeli: hatal\u0131 par\u00e7alar m\u0131 yoksa yok edilmi\u015f tak\u0131mlar m\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Diyelim ki ger\u00e7ek gereksinim 90 tondu. Hesap makinesi 82 dedi. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131k \u2019luk bir sapmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Bir](\"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/What-a-10-tonnage-error-actually-costs-bad-parts-vs.-destroyed-tooling_w1200.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fckseniz, a\u00e7\u0131lar tutars\u0131z olur. Yaylanma de\u011fi\u015fir. Par\u00e7alar sapar. Sinir bozucu. Hurda kutusu yava\u015f\u00e7a dolar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
fazla y\u00fckleme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, tak\u0131m s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yak\u0131nsa, o ekstra y\u00fck kendini nazik\u00e7e yaymaz. Yumruk ucu ve kal\u0131p omuzlar\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131r \u2014 aralar\u0131ndaki yay\u0131 fazla s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak gibi. \u00c7elik o enerjiyi depolar. Sonra \u00e7atlaklara sal\u0131verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Farkl\u0131 ar\u0131za bi\u00e7imleri. \u00c7ok farkl\u0131 faturalar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bir seferinde, operat\u00f6r hafif az b\u00fck\u00fclme g\u00f6rd\u00fckten sonra \u201cemin olmak i\u00e7in\u201d tonaj\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc bir z\u0131mba tamamen k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. A\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 d\u00fczeltti. Ama tam o b\u00f6l\u00fcm birle\u015fiminde bir gerilim sivrilmesi yaratt\u0131. Tek bir y\u00fcksek patlama sesi. \u00dc\u00e7 haftal\u0131k gecikme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yapman\u0131z gereken zihinsel de\u011fi\u015fim \u015fu: hesap makinesi \u201cBu kal\u0131pta bu kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ideal varsay\u0131mlar alt\u0131nda hangi kuvvet b\u00fcker?\u201d sorusuna yan\u0131t verir. Siz ise \u201cTam olarak bu makinem, tam olarak bu tak\u0131m\u0131m ve tam olarak bu malzeme, bu kuvveti tam bu uzunluk boyunca kald\u0131rabilir mi?\u201d sorusuna yan\u0131t vermelisiniz.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kapasiteye yak\u0131n herhangi bir \u00fcretim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce, hesaplanan tonaj\u0131n 'inde k\u0131sa bir hurda testi yap\u0131n, a\u00e7\u0131 ve makine y\u00fck e\u011frisini izlerken kademeli olarak art\u0131r\u0131n ve aletin ayak ba\u015f\u0131na ton de\u011feriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak do\u011frulay\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hesap makinesi yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in tehlikeli de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Konu\u015ftu\u011funda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyi b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7in tehlikelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Temel Hava B\u00fckme Form\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc Par\u00e7alar\u0131na Ay\u0131rmak<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Ba\u015fka bir \u201cdikkatli ol\u201d dersi de\u011fil, sistematik bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 istiyorsun.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
G\u00fczel. O halde form\u00fcl\u00fc, sana nerede yalan s\u00f6yledi\u011fini g\u00f6rene kadar par\u00e7alara ay\u0131rarak ba\u015fl\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nceki bir i\u015fte 3\/16\" levha b\u00fck\u00fcyorduk, ola\u011fan d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir \u015fey yoktu, uzun d\u00fcz bir flan\u015f. Hesap makinesi toplam 58 ton dedi. Makine 90 yapabiliyordu. Operat\u00f6r kendini g\u00fcvende hissetti. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131 kaymaya ba\u015flad\u0131, bu y\u00fczden kuvveti yeniden hesaplamadan yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in V\u2019yi 1.5\"\u2019den 1.25\"\u2019e d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu sessiz de\u011fi\u015fiklik, tonaj\u0131 pun\u00e7 ucunu \u00e7atlatacak kadar art\u0131rd\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir olay olmad\u0131. Sadece iki g\u00fcn sonra y\u0131rt\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen ince bir \u00e7atlak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ayn\u0131 kal\u0131nl\u0131k. Ayn\u0131 malzeme. Farkl\u0131 kal\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130\u015fte temel form\u00fcl\u00fcn i\u015fe yarad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u2014 ve tembel girdileri cezaland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u2014 g\u00f6steren yer buras\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 standart hava b\u00fckme denklemi \u015f\u00f6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tonaj = (K \u00d7 \u00c7ekme Dayan\u0131m\u0131 \u00d7 Kal\u0131nl\u0131k\u00b2 \u00d7 B\u00fckme Uzunlu\u011fu) \u00f7 Kal\u0131p A\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nBunu uzun bi\u00e7imde yaz. Ekrandaki kutuya g\u00fcvenme. De\u011fi\u015fkenleri g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde tuzaklar\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fcrs\u00fcn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Standart end\u00fcstri form\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131: her de\u011fi\u015fkenin ger\u00e7ekte neyi temsil etti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamak<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Bunu sihirbaz gibi de\u011fil, tamirci gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ger\u00e7ek bir \u00f6rnek alal\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- Kal\u0131nl\u0131k [t] = 0.250 in\u00e7<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u00c7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131 [UTS] = 60.000 psi (nominal A36 varsay\u0131m\u0131)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Kal\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 [V] = 2.0 in\u00e7 (8\u00d7 kal\u0131nl\u0131k kural\u0131)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- B\u00fckme uzunlu\u011fu [L] = 48 in\u00e7<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Sabit [K] \u2248 1.33 hava b\u00fckme i\u00e7in (emperyal birimler)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\u015eimdi ad\u0131m ad\u0131m ilerleyelim:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 karesini al\u0131n: [t\u00b2] = 0.250\u00b2 = 0.0625<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Dayan\u0131m\u0131 \u00d7 kal\u0131nl\u0131k\u00b2 ile \u00e7arp\u0131n: [60,000 \u00d7 0.0625] = 3,750<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- K ile \u00e7arp\u0131n: [1.33 \u00d7 3,750] \u2248 4,987.5<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- B\u00fck\u00fcm uzunlu\u011fu ile \u00e7arp\u0131n (fit cinsinden \u2014 i\u015fte bir\u00e7ok ki\u015finin yan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer): 48 in = 4 ft [4,987.5 \u00d7 4] = 19,950<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- V de\u011feriyle b\u00f6l\u00fcn (2.0 in): [19,950 \u00f7 2.0] = 9,975 lb\/ft<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
Ton cinsine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcn: [9,975 \u00f7 2,000] \u2248 5 ton\/ft<\/p>\n\n\n\n
4 ft boyunca: \u2248 toplam 20 ton.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Temiz. \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Zarars\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u015eimdi bir girdi de\u011fi\u015ftirin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V de\u011ferini 2.0 in\u2019den 1.25 in\u2019e daralt\u0131n \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir i\u00e7 yar\u0131\u00e7ap istiyorsunuz. Di\u011fer her \u015fey ayn\u0131 kal\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sadece payda de\u011fi\u015fiyor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[19,950 \u00f7 1.25] = 15,960 lb\/ft \u2248 8 ton\/ft Toplam \u2248 32 ton<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmediniz. Malzemeyi de\u011fi\u015ftirmediniz. Geometriyi de\u011fi\u015ftirdiniz \u2014 ve kuvvet yakla\u015f\u0131k artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bir keresinde, birinin \u201cyaylanmay\u0131 kontrol etmek\u201d i\u00e7in V\u2019yi yar\u0131ya indirmesi ve V\u2019nin paydada bulundu\u011funu unutmas\u0131 nedeniyle bir d\u00f6rt y\u00f6nl\u00fc kal\u0131b\u0131n omzundan tamamen yar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 izledim. Payday\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fczde, t\u00fcm kesir kabar\u0131r. O kal\u0131p, \u00e7eli\u011fin gizemli olmas\u0131ndan de\u011fil; birinin geometrinin bir kuvvet \u00e7arpan\u0131 de\u011fil de kozmetik bir tercih oldu\u011funu sanmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Herhangi bir say\u0131ya g\u00fcvenmeden \u00f6nce, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcm partisinden bir hurda \u015ferit al\u0131n ve k\u0131sa bir test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n (k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u015eimdi o denkleme geri d\u00f6n\u00fcn. Fark\u0131na varmadan kayabilecek de\u011fi\u015fken hangisi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Neden \u201cyumu\u015fak \u00e7elik\u201d tehlikeli bir referans noktas\u0131d\u0131r (ve ger\u00e7ek \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n rol\u00fc)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Ama o i\u015fte, \u00e7izimde \u201cA36\u201d yaz\u0131yordu.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu etiket, k\u00f6t\u00fc matematikten \u00e7ok daha fazla at\u00f6lyeyi kand\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7o\u011fu tablo ve hesap makinesi, yakla\u015f\u0131k 60.000 psi \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131na sahip \u201cyumu\u015fak \u00e7elik\u201d varsayar. Baz\u0131 A36 partileri bu de\u011fere yakla\u015f\u0131r. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 yakla\u015fmaz. 70.000 psi\u2019nin \u00fczerinde test sertifikalar\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Bu s\u0131rad\u0131\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil. Bu, tedarik zincirinin ger\u00e7e\u011fi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ayn\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fe geri d\u00f6n\u00fcn ve yaln\u0131zca UTS de\u011ferini de\u011fi\u015ftirin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
60.000 psi yerine 72.000 psi kullan\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ayn\u0131 ad\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- [t\u00b2] = 0,0625<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- [72.000 \u00d7 0,0625] = 4.500<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- [1,33 \u00d7 4.500] \u2248 5.985<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- [5.985 \u00d7 4 ft] = 23.940<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- V = 2,0 ile b\u00f6l\u00fcn: [23.940 \u00f7 2,0] = 11.970 lb\/ft<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
\u2248 6 ton\/ft Toplam \u2248 24 ton<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sadece \u0131s\u0131 partisinin ger\u00e7ek dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek i\u015fe 4 ton eklediniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ve bu, \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131 ve yaylanma geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn (springback) her ikisinin de artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 paslanmaz \u00e7elikten bahsetmeden \u00f6nce. Kuvvet artar, gerekli a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 b\u00fckme artar ve \u201cyumu\u015fak \u00e7elik referans\u0131n\u0131z\u201d nazik bir kurguya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bir keresinde, beklenenden daha sert bir partide operat\u00f6r yaylanma geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc yakalamak i\u00e7in tonaj\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, b\u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc bir z\u0131mba tam diki\u015f yerinde k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. A\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 d\u00fczeltti. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, z\u0131mba ile kal\u0131p aras\u0131ndaki y\u00fcklenmi\u015f yayda daha fazla elastik enerji depolad\u0131. \u00c7elik unutmaz. O enerjiyi, en zay\u0131f kesitine geri b\u0131rak\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Form\u00fcl yanl\u0131\u015f de\u011fil. K\u00f6r. Size do\u011fruluk verildi\u011fini varsay\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tam boy \u00fcretime ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce, malzeme sertifikas\u0131ndan \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulay\u0131n ve varsay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131za kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ek yaylanma geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc do\u011frulamak i\u00e7in k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir hurda b\u00fckme denemesi yap\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Peki dayan\u0131m de\u011fi\u015febiliyorsa ve geometrik fakt\u00f6rler kuvveti katl\u0131yorsa, bir de \u00fcniteleri sessizce kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ne olur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Metrik ve emperyal sabitler: birim kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sonucu sessizce bozdu\u011fu yer<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u0130\u015fte, bir \u015fey k\u0131r\u0131lana kadar ses \u00e7\u0131karmayan bir \u00f6rnek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130kinci vardiyadaki bir \u00e7ocuk hesap makinesine 0,250 yazd\u0131, ama hesap makinesi metrik moda ayarl\u0131yd\u0131. Kal\u0131nl\u0131k alan\u0131nda \u201cmm\u201d yaz\u0131yordu. Oysa in\u00e7 demek istemi\u015fti. Makine bunu 0,250 mm \u2014 yani yakla\u015f\u0131k birka\u00e7 milin (yakla\u015f\u0131k on binde bir in\u00e7) olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc. \u00c7\u0131kan sonu\u00e7 g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7 derecede d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fc. Fark etmedi \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc toplam tonaj h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u201cmakul\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu form\u00fcldeki K sabiti evrensel de\u011fildir. Birim sistemleriyle de\u011fi\u015fir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc matematik; malzeme dayan\u0131m\u0131, geometrik oranlar ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm katsay\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bir araya getirir. Emperyal hava b\u00fckmede genellikle K yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,33\u2019t\u00fcr. Metrik form\u00fclasyonlarda sabit 1,42 civar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir \u2014 ancak bu, MPa, milimetre ve metrelerin belirli kombinasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 varsayar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130n\u00e7leri MPa ile veya milimetreleri psi ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rsan\u0131z, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir hata yapmazs\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Emin bir \u015fekilde sa\u00e7malars\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Basit bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
E\u011fer kal\u0131nl\u0131k 6 mm (\u22480,236 in\u00e7) ise ancak birisi in\u00e7 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek \u201c6\u201d girerse, karesi al\u0131nan terim \u015funa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011fru: [0,236\u00b2] \u2248 0,0557<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yanl\u0131\u015f (6 in\u00e7 varsay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda): [6\u00b2] = 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu bir yuvarlama hatas\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bu, denklemin geri kalan\u0131 daha tepki bile vermeden kuvvetin yakla\u015f\u0131k 646 kat artmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Birisi metrik bir \u00e7izelge de\u011ferini, sabiti ayarlamadan emperyal bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sayfas\u0131na kopyalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in alt kal\u0131plar\u0131n mantar gibi ezildi\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Makine \u015fikayet etmedi. Tak\u0131m etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Birimler sadece kay\u0131t tutma de\u011fildir. Onlar yap\u0131sal unsurlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00dcretime ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce birim sistemini do\u011frulay\u0131n, sabiti onaylay\u0131n ve ger\u00e7ek makine y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc tahmin edilen fit ba\u015f\u0131na ton de\u011feriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak k\u0131sa bir hurda b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Art\u0131k kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendisiyle nas\u0131l \u00e7arp\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kal\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kuvveti nas\u0131l b\u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n onu nas\u0131l \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirdi\u011fini ve sabitlerin birimlerle nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fcn\u00fcz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Form\u00fcl i\u015fe yarar; e\u011fer her girdi fiziksel ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi yans\u0131t\u0131yorsa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Peki, malzeme kalitesi ve kal\u0131p geometrisi temel denklemin yeterince g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc vurgulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekillerde etkile\u015fime girdi\u011finde ne olur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kuvvet \u00c7arpanlar\u0131: Malzeme Kalitesi ve Kal\u0131p Geometrisi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m bir at\u00f6lye, t\u00fcm hafta boyunca 3,0 in\u00e7lik V kal\u0131pta 3\/8 yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik i\u015fledi. Hesap makinesi 6 fit boyunca 55 ton dedi. Makine 90 tonluktu. Rahatt\u0131. Cuma \u00f6\u011fleden sonra 3\/8 paslanmaz \u00e7eli\u011fe ge\u00e7tiler ve \u201cyar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 dar tutmak i\u00e7in\u201d programa dokunmadan 2,0 in\u00e7lik V kal\u0131ba d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler. Ayn\u0131 b\u00fck\u00fcm uzunlu\u011fu. Ayn\u0131 kal\u0131nl\u0131k. Ayn\u0131 operat\u00f6r g\u00fcveni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ko\u00e7 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 indi ve y\u00fck g\u00f6stergesi, gaz pedal\u0131 tak\u0131l\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f bir takometre gibi y\u00fckseldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Temel form\u00fcl\u00fcn nerede eksik bilgi vererek yan\u0131ltmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmeniz i\u00e7in bunu ad\u0131m ad\u0131m inceleyelim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hava b\u00fckme tonaj\u0131, basitle\u015ftirilmi\u015f haliyle, \u015fu iskelet \u00fczerine kuruludur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kuvvet \u221d [\u00c7ekme Dayan\u0131m\u0131 \u00d7 t\u00b2 \u00d7 L] \u00f7 V<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Burada \u00c7ekme Dayan\u0131m\u0131 = \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131, t = kal\u0131nl\u0131k, L = b\u00fck\u00fcm uzunlu\u011fu, V = kal\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u015eimdi ayn\u0131 anda iki \u015feyi de\u011fi\u015ftirin \u2014 t\u0131pk\u0131 ger\u00e7ek \u00fcretimde oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3\/8 in\u00e7 plaka al\u0131n: [t = 0.375] [t\u00b2] = 0.1406<\/p>\n\n\n\n
60.000 psi'de yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik, 6 ft b\u00fck\u00fcm, V = 3.0 in\u00e7:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[60.000 \u00d7 0.1406] = 8.436 Uzunluk fakt\u00f6r\u00fc ile \u00e7arp\u0131n (6 ft): [8.436 \u00d7 6] = 50.616 V'ye b\u00f6l\u00fcn: [50.616 \u00f7 3.0] \u2248 ft ba\u015f\u0131na 16.872 lb e\u015fde\u011feri. Sabit ve birim fakt\u00f6rleri hesaba kat\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra toplamda kabaca 51 ton diyelim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u015eimdi 85.000 psi'de paslanmaz \u00e7eli\u011fe ge\u00e7in ve V'yi 2.0 in\u00e7e d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcn:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- [85.000 \u00d7 0.1406] = 11.951<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- [11.951 \u00d7 6] = 71.706<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- [71.706 \u00f7 2.0] = 35.853<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\u201cBiraz ekleme\u201d yapmad\u0131n\u0131z. Pay\u0131n etkisini art\u0131r\u0131rken paydan\u0131n etkisini neredeyse ikiye katlad\u0131n\u0131z. 50 tonda bo\u015fta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan makine, \u015fimdi geri esneme d\u00fczeltmesinden \u00f6nce 80 tonun \u00fczerini zorluyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Evrensel hesaplay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sizi yan\u0131ltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 nokta buras\u0131d\u0131r. Tek bir temiz \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 g\u00f6sterir; ancak ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnyada malzeme kalitesi ve kal\u0131p geometrisi birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hareket etmez. Birikirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ve biriktiklerinde, kal\u0131plar her bir poundu hisseder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Herhangi bir say\u0131ya g\u00fcvenmeden \u00f6nce, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcm partisinden bir hurda \u015ferit al\u0131n ve k\u0131sa bir test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n (k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Peki, o rahat 8\u00d7 kal\u0131nl\u0131k kural\u0131 bu karma\u015fan\u0131n neresine oturuyor?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
8\u00d7 malzeme kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kural\u0131: nerede ge\u00e7erli, nerede bozuluyor<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Bir keresinde, ft ba\u015f\u0131na tonaj kontrol edilmeden 8\u00d7 kural\u0131na g\u00f6re fiyatland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 1\/2 in\u00e7lik bir plaka i\u015fi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcm. Tahminci, \u201c8\u00d7 yar\u0131m in\u00e7\u201d oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in 4 in\u00e7lik bir V se\u00e7mi\u015fti. Ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde d\u00fczenliydi. At\u00f6lyede ise abkant pres strok ortas\u0131nda emniyete ge\u00e7ti ve durdu. 25 ton eksiktik ve z\u0131mba omzu bu iyimserli\u011fin bedelini \u00f6dedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
8\u00d7 kural\u0131 \u015funu s\u00f6yler: V \u2248 8 \u00d7 t<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu bir geometri k\u0131sayoludur. Kuvvet garantisi de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Neden bu kadar s\u0131k i\u015fe yar\u0131yor? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc 11 gauge'den 1\/4 in\u00e7e kadar olan yayg\u0131n yumu\u015fak \u00e7elikler i\u00e7in 8\u00d7 V, genellikle i\u00e7 yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 1\u00d7 kal\u0131nl\u0131k civar\u0131nda ve tonaj\u0131 standart tablo varsay\u0131mlar\u0131 (tipik olarak 5\u00d7 ila 19\u00d7 kal\u0131nl\u0131k aral\u0131klar\u0131) i\u00e7inde tutar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ancak kal\u0131nl\u0131k nazik\u00e7e \u00f6l\u00e7eklenmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Unutmay\u0131n: kuvvet [t\u00b2] ile b\u00fcy\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ikiye katlay\u0131n: E\u011fer t, 2t olursa, [t\u00b2] 4t\u00b2 olur. Kuvvet kabaca d\u00f6rt kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1\/4 in\u00e7te: y\u00f6netilebilir. 1\/2 in\u00e7te: y\u00fck\u00fcn d\u00f6rt kat\u0131. 3\/4 in\u00e7te: 1\/4 in\u00e7teki y\u00fck\u00fcn dokuz kat\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
8\u00d7 kural\u0131, V'yi do\u011frusal olarak \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirir. Kuvvet, kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n karesiyle \u00f6l\u00e7eklenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130\u015fte k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131 bu uyumsuzluktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcreticilerin \u00e7izelgeleri de bunu sessizce kabul ediyor; \u00e7o\u011fu tonaj hesaplay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 yaln\u0131zca belirli kal\u0131nl\u0131k aral\u0131klar\u0131 ve V oranlar\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlilik iddia eder. Daha kal\u0131n sac veya al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k derecede dar b\u00fck\u00fcm yar\u0131\u00e7aplar\u0131yla bu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, art\u0131k varsay\u0131mlar dahilinde b\u00fck\u00fcm yapm\u0131yorsunuz demektir. Tahmin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyorsunuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sac i\u015flerini 8\u00d7 k\u0131sayoluna g\u00f6re onaylamadan \u00f6nce, 12 in\u00e7lik bir hurda numune kesin ve se\u00e7ilen V de\u011ferinde ger\u00e7ek y\u00fck\u00fc g\u00f6zlemleyerek deneme b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
E\u011fer 8\u00d7 kutsal de\u011filse, malzeme kendi kendine de\u011fi\u015fti\u011finde nas\u0131l ayarlama yapars\u0131n\u0131z?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Paslanmaz \u00e7elik, al\u00fcminyum ve y\u00fcksek mukavemetli ala\u015f\u0131mlar i\u00e7in kalibrasyon (\u00e7arpan tablosu)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u201cAma o i\u015fte teknik resimde A36 yaz\u0131yordu.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu ifade, k\u00f6t\u00fc matematikten daha fazla tak\u0131m\u0131 mahvetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Temel form\u00fcl bir \u00e7ekme mukavemeti varsayar. Bunu de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finizde, kuvvet neredeyse do\u011frudan onunla \u00f6l\u00e7eklenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
E\u011fer yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik referans de\u011feri = 60.000 psi ise, basit bir ilk ge\u00e7i\u015f \u00e7arpan\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Paslanmaz (\u2248 85.000 psi): [85.000 \u00f7 60.000] \u2248 1,42 \u2192 Yumu\u015fak \u00e7eli\u011fe g\u00f6re yakla\u015f\u0131k daha fazla tonaj bekleyin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Al\u00fcminyum 5052-H32 (\u2248 33.000 psi \u00e7ekme): [33.000 \u00f7 60.000] \u2248 0,55 \u2192 Tonaj\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131s\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
100.000 psi'de y\u00fcksek mukavemetli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7elik: [100.000 \u00f7 60.000] \u2248 1,67 \u2192 \u00dc\u00e7te iki daha fazla kuvvet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130\u015fte temiz matematik budur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ger\u00e7eklik s\u00fcrt\u00fcnmeyi ekler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Paslanmaz \u00e7elik i\u015fleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda sertle\u015fir. Geri yaylanma artar. Operat\u00f6rler bunu telafi etmek i\u00e7in fazla b\u00fck\u00fcm yapar, bu da penetrasyonu art\u0131r\u0131r, bu da ger\u00e7ek temas bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 basit bir hava b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc varsay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden daha fazla art\u0131r\u0131r. 1,4\u00d7 \u00e7arpan uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrs\u00fcn\u00fcz. Uygulamada, a\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fczeltmesi i\u015fin i\u00e7ine girdi\u011finde tak\u0131mlara 1,5\u00d7 veya 1,6\u00d7 de\u011ferine daha yak\u0131n bir y\u00fck bindiriyor olabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Operat\u00f6r 304 paslanmazda a\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 tutturmak i\u00e7in tonaj\u0131 art\u0131rmaya devam etti\u011fi i\u00e7in par\u00e7al\u0131 bir z\u0131mban\u0131n birle\u015fim yerinden k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Hesaplay\u0131c\u0131 70 ton diyordu. Makine g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, d\u00fczeltme vuru\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda 85'e yak\u0131n zirveler g\u00f6steriyordu. Z\u0131mba, hesap tablosunun ne dedi\u011fini umursamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ve i\u015fte tuzak burada: bu \u00e7arpanlar, normal V oranlar\u0131 dahilinde hava b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 varsayar. Dar V, y\u00fcksek mukavemetli ala\u015f\u0131m ve derin penetrasyon, niyetiniz olsun ya da olmas\u0131n sizi tabana oturtma (bottoming) davran\u0131\u015f\u0131na iter. Bu tamamen farkl\u0131 bir kuvvet rejimidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu y\u00fczden \u00e7arpanlar\u0131 izin belgesi olarak de\u011fil, kalibrasyon fakt\u00f6rleri olarak de\u011ferlendirin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yeni bir ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 tam uzunlukta b\u00fckmeden \u00f6nce, k\u0131sa bir numune b\u00fck\u00fcn, makine g\u00f6stergesinden ger\u00e7ek y\u00fck\u00fc kaydedin ve tak\u0131mlara ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce bunu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ton\/ayak de\u011feriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
E\u011fer mukavemeti art\u0131rmak kuvveti katl\u0131yorsa, belki de sadece kal\u0131p a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7arak sistemi kand\u0131rabiliriz?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kal\u0131p a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmek ger\u00e7ekten makinenizi kurtar\u0131r m\u0131, yoksa sadece i\u00e7 yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 m\u0131 bozar?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Bir s\u00fcperviz\u00f6r bana bir keresinde, \u201cV'yi a\u00e7. Bu tonaj\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr,\u201d demi\u015fti. Hakl\u0131yd\u0131 ama yine de yan\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Denkleme geri d\u00f6nersek:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kuvvet \u221d 1 \u00f7 V<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V'yi 2.0 in\u00e7ten 3.0 in\u00e7e \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rsan\u0131z ve di\u011fer her \u015fey e\u015fit kal\u0131rsa:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Eski kuvvet terimi: [\u00f7 2.0] Yeni kuvvet terimi: [\u00f7 3.0]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu, y\u00fck\u00fcn geometri k\u0131sm\u0131nda 'l\u00fck bir azalma demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde, bir rahatlama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ancak hava b\u00fckmede i\u00e7 yar\u0131\u00e7ap, yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik i\u00e7in kabaca 0.16 \u00d7 V civar\u0131nda seyreder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yani:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V = 2.0 \u2192 \u0130Y \u2248 0.32 in\u00e7 V = 3.0 \u2192 \u0130Y \u2248 0.48 in\u00e7<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu, i\u00e7 yar\u0131\u00e7apta 'lik bir art\u0131\u015f demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
E\u011fer teknik resim dar bir k\u00f6\u015fe gerektiriyorsa, makine g\u00fcvenli\u011fini boyutsal uygunsuzlukla takas etmi\u015f oldunuz. \u015eimdi birisi yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltmek i\u00e7in kal\u0131b\u0131n i\u00e7ine daha derin girerek a\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 \u201ckand\u0131rmaya\u201d \u00e7al\u0131\u015facakt\u0131r. Daha derin penetrasyon temas kuvvetini art\u0131r\u0131r. Teorik tonaj d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc buharla\u015fmaya ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ayr\u0131ca daha geni\u015f V a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131, y\u00fck\u00fc kal\u0131p omuzlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. \u0130nce malzemede, \u00e7ok geni\u015f V a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u0131vr\u0131lmaya ve kontrol kayb\u0131na neden olabilir. Kal\u0131n plakada ise \u00e7ok dar V, kal\u0131p kenarlar\u0131ndaki bas\u0131nc\u0131 zirveye ta\u015f\u0131r ve \u00e7atlama riski yarat\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Alt kal\u0131b\u0131n, tonaj yanl\u0131\u015f hesapland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, birisi makine kapasitesinin alt\u0131nda kalmak i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek mukavemetli bir i\u015fte V'yi a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 tutturmak i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 penetrasyon yaparak y\u00fck yolunu kal\u0131p k\u00f6\u015felerine kayd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ikiye ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Geometri, g\u00f6sterge de\u011ferini kurtard\u0131. Ancak tak\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yani evet, V'yi art\u0131rmak hesaplanan tonaj\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131, geri esneme davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, b\u00fck\u00fcm hassasiyetini ve kuvvetin tak\u0131m \u00e7eli\u011fine nas\u0131l da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kal\u0131b\u0131n bir \u015feyi \u201ckurtard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d varsaymadan \u00f6nce, \u00f6nerilen V de\u011ferinde bir hurda b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n, i\u00e7 yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 penetrasyon olmadan a\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 do\u011frulay\u0131n ve ger\u00e7ek makine y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ton\/ayak de\u011feriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Art\u0131k kalitenin pay\u0131 nas\u0131l \u00e7arpt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve geometrinin payday\u0131 nas\u0131l b\u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve bunlar\u0131n birle\u015fti\u011finde ger\u00e7ek kuvvetinizi evrensel bir hesaplay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sessizce varsayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlerin ne kadar d\u0131\u015f\u0131na itebilece\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fcn\u00fcz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u00fckme y\u00f6nteminin kendisi t\u00fcm kuvvet modelini de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finde ne olur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u00fckme Y\u00f6ntemi Tuza\u011f\u0131: Haval\u0131 B\u00fckme, Tabana Oturtma ve Ezerek B\u00fckme (Coining)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u0130kinci vardiyadaki bir \u00e7ocuk hesap makinesine 0,250 A36, 2,0 in\u00e7 V kanal\u0131, 10 fit uzunluk girdi. Ekran 62 ton dedi. Makine 100 tonluk bir hidrolik pres idi. Bolca kapasite pay\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130lk iki par\u00e7a haval\u0131 b\u00fck\u00fcmle gayet iyi b\u00fck\u00fcld\u00fc. Sonra s\u00fcperviz\u00f6r, \u201cDaha keskin a\u00e7\u0131 kontrol\u00fcne ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var. Tabana oturtun (bottoming),\u201d dedi.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ayn\u0131 malzeme. Ayn\u0131 kal\u0131p. Ayn\u0131 makine. Sadece y\u00f6ntem de\u011fi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc vuru\u015fta y\u00fck g\u00f6stergesi sorunsuz bir \u015fekilde y\u00fckselmedi. Aniden f\u0131rlad\u0131. Seksen. Doksan. Ram, bir kald\u0131r\u0131ma \u00e7arpm\u0131\u015f gibi duraksad\u0131. Alt kal\u0131b\u0131n omuz k\u0131sm\u0131ndan \u00e7atlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyduk. Dramatik bir patlama de\u011fildi. Sadece d\u00f6rt yollu bir kal\u0131ba ve bir haftal\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131klama yapma s\u00fcrecine mal olan bir \u00e7atlakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu, yanan soruya cevab\u0131n\u0131zd\u0131r: Haval\u0131 b\u00fckmeden tabana oturtmaya veya ezerek b\u00fckmeye ge\u00e7ti\u011finizde, ayn\u0131 denklemi ayarlam\u0131yor olursunuz. \u00c7eli\u011fin z\u0131mba ve kal\u0131p aras\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feyi de\u011fi\u015ftiriyorsunuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Haval\u0131 b\u00fckme, elastik-plastik \u015fekillendirmedir. Z\u0131mba, malzemeyi asla tamamen kal\u0131p bo\u015flu\u011funa zorlamaz. Sac, omuzlar \u00fczerinde y\u00fczer ve a\u00e7\u0131, giri\u015f derinli\u011fi ile kontrol edilir. Klasik form\u00fcl:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kuvvet \u2248 [K \u00d7 \u00c7ekme Dayan\u0131m\u0131 \u00d7 t\u00b2 \u00d7 Uzunluk] \u00f7 V<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu \u201c\u00f7 V\u201d terimi sizin tahliye vanan\u0131zd\u0131r. Kal\u0131b\u0131 a\u00e7arsan\u0131z kuvvet d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tabana oturtma (bottoming) bu tahliye vanas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Art\u0131k z\u0131mba, malzemeyi tam kal\u0131p temas\u0131na zorlar. Sac, kal\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na uymaya zorlan\u0131r. Temas alan\u0131 artar. S\u00fcrt\u00fcnme y\u00fckselir. Art\u0131k sadece iki omuz \u00fczerinde b\u00fck\u00fcm yapm\u0131yorsunuz; malzemeyi a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 y\u00fczeylere kar\u015f\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorsunuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00dcreticiler \u201cy\u00f6ntem fakt\u00f6rleri\u201d yay\u0131nlarlar; tabana oturtma i\u00e7in haval\u0131 b\u00fck\u00fcm tonaj\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 kat\u0131, ezerek b\u00fckme (coining) i\u00e7in ise 10 kat\u0131na kadar. Bu, sonunda ekledi\u011finiz bir \u00e7arpan gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00d6yle de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc fizik, b\u00fck\u00fclme a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 stresten basma a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 strese d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ezerek b\u00fckmede, z\u0131mba ucu n\u00f6tr ekseni ge\u00e7er ve b\u00fck\u00fcm hatt\u0131ndaki malzemeyi inceltir. T\u00fcm kesiti yerel olarak akmaya zorluyorsunuz. Bu, [t\u00b2] hassasiyetinizin art\u0131k sadece d\u0131\u015f lifteki gerilme de\u011fil, akma s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yakla\u015fan kal\u0131nl\u0131k boyunca basma gerilmesi ile birle\u015fti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Farkl\u0131 stres durumu. Farkl\u0131 hata modu. Farkl\u0131 risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Herhangi bir say\u0131ya g\u00fcvenmeden \u00f6nce, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcm partisinden bir hurda \u015ferit al\u0131n ve k\u0131sa bir test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n (k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tabana oturtma ve ezerek b\u00fckme neden tamamen farkl\u0131 bir hesaplama mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerektirir?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Rakamlar\u0131 bir hesap makinesinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, sonra da \u00e7eli\u011fin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ral\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Haval\u0131 b\u00fckme durumu, varsay\u0131msal ama ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- Malzeme: 0,250 in\u00e7 yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u00c7ekme referans de\u011feri: 60.000 psi<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Uzunluk: 120 in\u00e7<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- V a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131: 2,0 in\u00e7<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Geometri terimini basitle\u015ftirin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hava_b\u00fckme_kuvveti \u221d [60.000 \u00d7 (0,25)\u00b2 \u00d7 120] \u00f7 2,0 [t\u00b2] = 0,0625 Pay terimi \u2248 60.000 \u00d7 0,0625 \u00d7 120 = 60.000 \u00d7 7,5 = 450.000 (orant\u0131l\u0131 birimler) 2,0'a b\u00f6l\u00fcn \u2192 225.000<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Buna \u201c1\u00d7\u201d deyin.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u015eimdi 5\u00d7 bir tabana oturtma (bottoming) fakt\u00f6r\u00fc uygulay\u0131n. 225.000 \u00d7 5 = 1.125.000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Basit g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Ayn\u0131 matematik, sadece \u00f6l\u00e7eklenmi\u015f hali.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ancak bunun gizledi\u011fi \u015fey \u015fu: hava b\u00fckmede kuvvet strokun dibine do\u011fru zirve yapar ve d\u00fc\u015fer. Tabana oturtmada ise tam y\u00fczey temas\u0131 geli\u015ftik\u00e7e kuvvet keskin bir \u015fekilde artmaya devam eder. Y\u00fck e\u011frinizin \u015fekli de\u011fi\u015fir. Zirve kuvveti, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 stroklara kar\u015f\u0131 hassas hale gelir \u2014 0,010 in\u00e7 daha derin bir b\u00fck\u00fcm k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir ayar de\u011fildir; temas zaten tam oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bas\u0131nc\u0131 dramatik bir \u015fekilde f\u0131rlatabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bir operat\u00f6r tabana oturtma modunda yar\u0131m derecenin pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in par\u00e7al\u0131 bir z\u0131mban\u0131n ucunun mantar gibi ezildi\u011fini izledim. Ram derinli\u011fini her seferinde 0,004 in\u00e7 art\u0131rd\u0131. Her dokunu\u015f, z\u0131mba burnundaki bas\u0131n\u00e7 gerilimini tak\u0131m \u00e7eli\u011finin akma s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fana kadar biriktirdi. Hesap makinesi 90 ton diyordu. Y\u00fck h\u00fccresi daha sonra 110'un \u00fczerinde ge\u00e7ici zirveler g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu da ba\u015fka bir sessiz sorunu g\u00fcndeme getiriyor: makine ekranlar\u0131 yalan s\u00f6yler. Hidrolik bas\u0131n\u00e7tan tonaja d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler ideal ko\u015fullar\u0131 varsayar. Y\u00fck h\u00fccreleri ise ger\u00e7e\u011fi s\u00f6yler. Ekran ile ger\u00e7ek de\u011fer aras\u0131nda %8\u201312 fark g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Bu hatay\u0131 5\u00d7 y\u00f6ntem de\u011fi\u015fimiyle \u00e7arpt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, fark\u0131na bile varmadan tak\u0131m kapasitesini a\u015fars\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Peki ya tak\u0131m de\u011ferleri? 90\u00b0'de metre ba\u015f\u0131na 60 ton olarak i\u015faretlenmi\u015f bir kal\u0131p, 30\u00b0'de otomatik olarak metre ba\u015f\u0131na 60 ton de\u011fildir. Temas geometrisi izin verilen y\u00fck\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirir. At\u00f6lyelerin \u0130ngiliz uzun tonlar\u0131n\u0131 metrik tonlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p marjlar\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcklerini g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Yoktu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tabana oturtma ve ezerek b\u00fckme (coining), \u201chava b\u00fckme art\u0131 biraz daha fazlas\u0131\u201d de\u011fildir. Bunlar, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kurulum hatalar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frusal olmayan y\u00fck s\u0131\u00e7ramalar\u0131 yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuvvet y\u00fckseltme rejimleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tabana oturtmaya karar vermeden \u00f6nce, tam penetrasyonda 6 in\u00e7lik bir numuneyi b\u00fck\u00fcn, m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse bir y\u00fck h\u00fccresi ile zirve tonaj\u0131n\u0131 kaydedin ve bunu hem makine hem de ayak ba\u015f\u0131na tak\u0131m de\u011ferleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tabana oturtma, hassasl\u0131ktan y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ne zaman ge\u00e7er?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Tekrarlanabilir a\u00e7\u0131lar istedi\u011finiz i\u00e7in tabana oturtmaya ge\u00e7ersiniz. Daha az geri yaylanma. Daha temiz k\u00f6\u015feler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hassasiyet kontroll\u00fc hissettirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ancak g\u00f6rmedi\u011finiz s\u0131n\u0131r \u015fudur: gerekli tabana oturtma tonaj\u0131, makine kapasitesinin veya ayak ba\u015f\u0131na kal\u0131p de\u011ferinin \u201380'ini a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u015fok marj\u0131 olmadan \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorsunuz demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Neden \u201380?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ger\u00e7ek presler y\u00fck alt\u0131nda m\u00fckemmel derecede paralel de\u011fildir. Ram esnemesi, tabla esnemesi, malzeme kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 varyasyonu \u2014 hepsi yerel a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fck b\u00f6lgeleri yarat\u0131r. Genel hesaplaman\u0131z 100 tonluk bir makinede 95 ton diyorsa, o kal\u0131b\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc 110 tona e\u015fde\u011fer bir y\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fcyor olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bir keresinde 3\/8 in\u00e7lik bir plaka i\u015fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda 4 yollu bir kal\u0131b\u0131n tam omuz yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131ndan ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Hesap makinesi tabana oturtma modunda 175 tonluk bir preste 140 ton \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u201cG\u00fcvenli.\u201d Ancak plaka geni\u015flik boyunca +0,015 in\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6steriyordu. [t\u00b2]'yi unutmay\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nominal t = 0,375 ise [t\u00b2] = 0,1406; Ger\u00e7ek t = 0,390 ise [t\u00b2] = 0,1521<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Oran: 0,1521 \u00f7 0,1406 \u2248 1,08<\/p>\n\n\n\n
%8'lik bir kal\u0131nl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131, tabana oturma (bottoming) amplifikasyonundan \u00f6nce kabaca %8 daha fazla b\u00fckme kuvveti \u00fcretti. \u015eimdi 5 katl\u0131k bir rejimi uygulay\u0131n. Bu yerel kal\u0131nl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131, bir kesiti kal\u0131p de\u011ferinin \u00f6tesine itti. \u00c7atlak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tabana oturma \u015fu durumlarda y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 hale gelir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- Kal\u0131nl\u0131k tolerans\u0131 y\u00fcksek \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131 ile birle\u015fti\u011finde<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Gerekli tonaj, en zay\u0131f dereceli bile\u015fenin ~'ini a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Ko\u00e7 (ram) fazla stroku bir a\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fczeltme arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Sonuncusu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc oland\u0131r. Hava b\u00fckmede derinlik ayarlar\u0131 naziktir. Tabana oturtmada ise levye g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcrler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tam uzunlukta \u00fcretime ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce, tam derinlikte k\u0131sa bir tabana oturtma testi yap\u0131n, sac boyunca malzeme kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 mikrometre ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn ve tepe tonaj\u0131n\u0131n en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tak\u0131m derecesinin 'inin alt\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulay\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
E\u011fer madeni para basma (coining) 5 kata kadar tonaj gerektiriyorsa, modern bir CNC'de bu riske girmeye de\u011fer mi?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Madeni para basma caziptir. Geri esneme s\u0131f\u0131rd\u0131r. Keskin i\u00e7 yar\u0131\u00e7ap sa\u011flar. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 b\u00fckme matemati\u011fi olmadan a\u00e7\u0131 tam isabet olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ancak madeni para basma sadece b\u00fckmez. \u0130\u00e7 y\u00fczeyi akma s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde plastik olarak s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak malzemenin tepe noktas\u0131nda incelmesine neden olur. Bu, b\u00fckme hatt\u0131 boyunca basma akma dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 a\u015facak kadar y\u00fcksek bir temas bas\u0131nc\u0131 gerektirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130\u015fte bu y\u00fczden tonaj, hava b\u00fckmenin 8-10 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6vdelere ve k\u0131sa strok kontrol\u00fcne sahip eski mekanik preslerde, belirli tekrar eden par\u00e7alar i\u00e7in madeni para basma mant\u0131kl\u0131yd\u0131. Makineler \u00f6rs gibi in\u015fa edilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Modern CNC hidrolik presler hassas, h\u0131zl\u0131 ve genellikle g\u00f6vde k\u00fctlesi olarak daha hafiftir. S\u00fcrekli tepe bas\u0131nc\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, hava b\u00fckme esnekli\u011fi i\u00e7in optimize edilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Peki madeni para basma ne zaman hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- K\u0131sa par\u00e7a uzunlu\u011fu<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Dar malzeme geni\u015fli\u011fi<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u00d6zellikle madeni para basma y\u00fckleri i\u00e7in derecelendirilmi\u015f tak\u0131mlar<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Hesaplanan basma tonaj\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde en az 2 kat g\u00fcvenlik marj\u0131na sahip makine kapasitesi<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Sadece ekran tahmini de\u011fil, do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f y\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
E\u011fer hava b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcz 40 ton gerektiriyorsa ve s\u0131vama (coining) 200 ton gerektirecekse, kendinize \u015funu sorun: 400 tonluk bir makineniz ve buna uygun olarak derecelendirilmi\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131z var m\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
E\u011fer yoksa, z\u0131mba ve kal\u0131p aras\u0131ndaki o y\u00fckl\u00fc yay\u0131, ba\u015fka bir \u015fey enerjiyi serbest b\u0131rakana kadar s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorsunuz demektir; z\u0131mba ucunun k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, kal\u0131b\u0131n \u00e7atlamas\u0131 veya g\u00f6vdenin b\u00fck\u00fclmesi gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Y\u00fcksek mukavemetli \u00e7elik \u00fczerinde, z\u0131mba ucunun tek bir vardiyada d\u00fczle\u015fti\u011fi bir s\u0131vama i\u015fi g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. A\u00e7\u0131 m\u00fckemmeldi. Tak\u0131m ise \u00e7\u00f6p olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
S\u0131vama, varsay\u0131lan bir hassasiyet y\u00fckseltmesi de\u011fil, uzmanl\u0131k gerektiren bir i\u015flemdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CNC abkant pres \u00fczerinde s\u0131vama yapmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeden \u00f6nce, k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta k\u0131sa, tek istasyonlu bir test \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n, ger\u00e7ek tepe tonaj\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn, z\u0131mba ucunu ve kal\u0131p omuzlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcte\u00e7 alt\u0131nda inceleyin ve bir sa\u011flaml\u0131k kontrol\u00fc olarak bu y\u00fck\u00fc makine nominal kapasitesinin 'si ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kuvvet y\u00f6ntemle \u00e7arp\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda soru \u201cHesap makinesi ne diyor?\u201d de\u011fildir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Soru \u015fudur: \u201c\u00d6nce ne k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r; matematik mi, tak\u0131m m\u0131, yoksa makine mi?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011frulama Ad\u0131m\u0131: Tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n Matemati\u011fe Dayanabilece\u011fini Kan\u0131tlamak<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Prese veya tak\u0131ma zarar vermeden do\u011fru b\u00fck\u00fcm y\u00f6ntemini nas\u0131l se\u00e7ece\u011finizi soruyorsunuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130\u015fe y\u00f6ntemle ba\u015flamazs\u0131n\u0131z. \u0130\u015fe, donan\u0131m\u0131n y\u00f6ntemin gerektirdi\u011fi y\u00fcke dayanabilece\u011fini kan\u0131tlayarak ba\u015flars\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cG\u00fcvenli\u201d bir 100 tonluk i\u015fte 10 fitlik bir kal\u0131b\u0131n ortadan esnedi\u011fini izledim. Hesap makinesi 82 ton gerektiriyordu. Pres 100 ton i\u00e7in derecelendirilmi\u015fti. Herkes rahatt\u0131. Ancak par\u00e7a sadece 18 in\u00e7 uzunlu\u011fundayd\u0131 ve merkezlenmi\u015fti. Bu da kabaca [82 ton \u00f7 1,5 fit \u2248 55 ton\/fit] anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Kal\u0131b\u0131n \u00fczerinde 40 ton\/fit damgas\u0131 vard\u0131. Kimse o damgaya bakmad\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc vuru\u015fta omuzlar a\u015f\u0131nmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Onuncusunda ise kal\u0131p kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak g\u00fcl\u00fcmser bir \u015fekil alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Matematik yanl\u0131\u015f de\u011fildi. Do\u011frulama eksikti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tonaj tek bir say\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bu bir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m problemidir; ne kadar uzunluk boyunca, hangi temas geometrisiyle, yata\u011f\u0131n hangi konumunda ne kadar kuvvet uygulanaca\u011f\u0131. Bu d\u00f6rd\u00fcn\u00fc yan\u0131tlamazsan\u0131z, sertle\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00e7elikle kumar oynuyorsunuz demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Toplam makine kapasitesi ile yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f y\u00fck limitleri: fit ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fck tuza\u011f\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
100 tonluk bir abkant pres, merkez hatt\u0131ndaki nominal uzunlu\u011fu boyunca 100 ton anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu, bir fitlik tak\u0131ma 60 ton y\u00fck bindirip alk\u0131\u015f bekleyebilece\u011finiz anlam\u0131na gelmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hadi netle\u015ftirelim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Diyelim ki hava b\u00fck\u00fcm hesab\u0131n\u0131z 24 in\u00e7lik bir par\u00e7a i\u00e7in 60 ton veriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fit cinsinden uzunluk: [24 in\u00e7 \u00f7 12 = 2 fit] Fit ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fck: [60 ton \u00f7 2 fit = 30 ton\/fit]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
E\u011fer kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131z 35 ton\/fit olarak derecelendirilmi\u015fse, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7indesiniz demektir. Sorun yok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u015eimdi bu par\u00e7ay\u0131 12 in\u00e7'e k\u0131salt\u0131n ancak malzemeyi ve V de\u011ferini ayn\u0131 tutun. Kuvvet, form\u00fcl uzunluk tabanl\u0131 olmad\u0131k\u00e7a yar\u0131ya inmez \u2014 ki \u00e7o\u011fu \u00f6yledir. Yani:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yeni uzunluk: [12 in\u00e7 \u00f7 12 = 1 fit] Yeni toplam tonaj: [60 \u00d7 (1 \u00f7 2) = 30 ton] Fit ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fck: [30 ton \u00f7 1 fit = 30 ton\/fit]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hala 30 ton\/fit. Hala g\u00fcvenli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Peki tuzak nerede?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tuzak, operat\u00f6rler par\u00e7alar\u0131 tek bir istasyonda \u201cistifledi\u011finde\u201d veya yeniden konumland\u0131rma yapmadan uzun bir kal\u0131pta k\u0131sa bir par\u00e7a \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bir keresinde ikinci vardiyadaki bir \u00e7ocuk kontrol panelinde par\u00e7a uzunlu\u011funu 0 olarak girmi\u015fti. Makine varsay\u0131lan olarak merkez hatt\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fc hesaplamalar\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fc. 40 ton gerektiren 8 in\u00e7lik bir braket \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Bu da \u015fu demek:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Uzunluk: [8 in\u00e7 \u00f7 12 = 0,67 fit] Fit ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fck: [40 \u00f7 0,67 \u2248 60 ton\/fit]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
45 ton\/fit de\u011ferinde bir kal\u0131pta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Toplam makine kapasitesi? Sorun yok. Yerel kal\u0131p kapasitesi? a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kal\u0131p, \u00f6\u011fle yeme\u011finden \u00f6nce omuz yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131ndan \u00e7atlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fit ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fck ilk engeldir. Hesaplanan fit ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcz, en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck dereceli bile\u015fenin (z\u0131mba, kal\u0131p veya makinenin fit ba\u015f\u0131na limiti) \u00fczerindeyse, bununla tart\u0131\u015fmazs\u0131n\u0131z. Kal\u0131p geni\u015fli\u011fini, malzeme durumunu veya y\u00f6ntemi de\u011fi\u015ftirirsiniz. Herhangi bir say\u0131ya g\u00fcvenmeden \u00f6nce, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcmden bir hurda \u015ferit \u00e7ekin ve azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta k\u0131sa bir test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ancak kal\u0131p fit ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fckte hayatta kalsa bile, z\u0131mba ucunda tam olarak ne olur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00d6zel z\u0131mba ucunuz hesaplanan kuvveti iletecek y\u00fczey alan\u0131na sahip mi?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Kuvvet soyuttur. Tak\u0131mlar\u0131 k\u0131ran \u015fey bas\u0131n\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bas\u0131n\u00e7 = Kuvvet \u00f7 Temas Alan\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Keskin 0,030 in\u00e7lik bir z\u0131mba burnu, y\u00fck\u00fc dar bir hatta yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. 0,125 in\u00e7lik bir yar\u0131\u00e7ap ise y\u00fck\u00fc yayar. Ayn\u0131 tonaj. \u00c7ok farkl\u0131 stres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dipten b\u00fckmenin 36 in\u00e7lik bir par\u00e7ada 80 ton gerektirdi\u011fini varsayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Uzunluk: [36 in\u00e7 \u00f7 12 = 3 fit] Fit ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fck: [80 \u00f7 3 \u2248 26,7 ton\/fit]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Zarars\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u015eimdi z\u0131mba uzunlu\u011funun bir in\u00e7ine odaklan\u0131n. O bir in\u00e7 \u015funlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[26,7 ton\/ft \u00f7 12 in\/ft \u2248 2,22 ton\/in\u00e7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pound cinsine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcn: [2,22 \u00d7 2000 \u2248 4.440 lb\/in\u00e7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tabana oturtma s\u0131ras\u0131nda z\u0131mba ucu temas geni\u015fli\u011finiz yakla\u015f\u0131k 0,020 in\u00e7 ise, in\u00e7 ba\u015f\u0131na temas alan\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[1 in\u00e7 \u00d7 0,020 in\u00e7 = 0,020 in\u00e7\u00b2]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Temas bas\u0131nc\u0131: [4.440 lb \u00f7 0,020 in\u00e7\u00b2 = 222.000 psi]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu, gerilme y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmalar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bir\u00e7ok tak\u0131m \u00e7eli\u011finin basma alt\u0131ndaki akma dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerindedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bir keresinde, paslanmaz \u00e7eli\u011fi tabana oturtmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan hassas ta\u015flanm\u0131\u015f keskin bir z\u0131mba g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcm \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201chesap makinesi 75 ton diyordu ve pres 120 ton.\u201d Vardiyan\u0131n ortas\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, z\u0131mba ucu 0,005 in\u00e7 d\u00fczle\u015fmi\u015fti. A\u00e7\u0131lar kayd\u0131. Par\u00e7alar tolerans d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kald\u0131. Tak\u0131m genel olarak a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fcklenmemi\u015fti; yerel olarak ezilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ancak o i\u015fte teknik resimde \u201cA36\u201d yaz\u0131yordu ve sat\u0131n almac\u0131 sessizce daha y\u00fcksek mukavemetli, asitlenmi\u015f ve ya\u011flanm\u0131\u015f malzeme ile de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015fti. \u00c7ekme mukavemeti artt\u0131. Gerekli kuvvet artt\u0131. Temas bas\u0131nc\u0131 artt\u0131. Aradaki fark\u0131 z\u0131mba \u00f6dedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu y\u00fczden kuvveti art\u0131ran bir y\u00f6ntem (tabana oturtma veya madeni para basma\/coining) se\u00e7ti\u011finizde, sadece tonaj\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olmazs\u0131n\u0131z. Sistemdeki en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck geometrik \u00f6zellik \u00fczerindeki temas gerilimini de art\u0131r\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Z\u0131mba \u00fcreticisinin tabana oturtma veya madeni para basma i\u00e7in \u00f6zel derecelendirmelerini kontrol edin. E\u011fer hi\u00e7biri listelenmemi\u015fse, sadece hava b\u00fckme (air-bend) de\u011ferlerini esas al\u0131n. Ard\u0131ndan, ilk birka\u00e7 vuru\u015ftan sonra z\u0131mba ucunu b\u00fcy\u00fcte\u00e7 alt\u0131nda inceleyerek k\u0131sa boylu, tam derinlikli bir testle bunu kan\u0131tlay\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Z\u0131mba ve kal\u0131p de\u011ferleri uygun olsa bile, bu kuvvetin makine g\u00f6vdesinin neresinde durdu\u011fu sorusunu hala yan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015f de\u011filsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Makinenizin tonaj e\u011frisini okumak: merkez hatt\u0131 kapasitesi neden hikayenin tamam\u0131 de\u011fildir?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7o\u011fu operat\u00f6r etikete bakar: \u201c175 TON.\u201d Bu say\u0131 genellikle g\u00f6vdeler aras\u0131ndaki belirli bir mesafede, merkez hatt\u0131nda ve y\u00fck e\u015fit olarak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Makinenizin bir tonaj e\u011frisi vard\u0131r; bu, tabla \u00fczerindeki konuma g\u00f6re izin verilen y\u00fck\u00fc g\u00f6steren bir \u00e7izelgedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
10 fitlik, 175 tonluk bir presin merkezdeki 6 fitte tam kapasiteye sahip oldu\u011funu, ancak merkezden 2 fit uzakta sadece kapasiteye sahip oldu\u011funu hayal edin. E\u011fer arka dayama parmaklar\u0131n\u0131 temizlemek i\u00e7in 4 fitlik bir i\u015fi sa\u011f g\u00f6vdenin yak\u0131n\u0131na park ederseniz, sadece \u015funa sahip olabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[175 \u00d7 0,60 \u2248 o konumda 105 ton izin verilebilir]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u015eimdi bunu fit ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fck ile birle\u015ftirin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tabana oturtma hesaplaman\u0131z\u0131n (fit ba\u015f\u0131na do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f) 4 fit \u00fczerinde 100 ton gerektirdi\u011fini varsayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fit ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fck: [100 \u00f7 4 = 25 ton\/ft]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tak\u0131m derecelendirmesi? \u0130yi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Makine etiketi mi? Pekala.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ancak izin verilenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, merkezden uzak bir konuma yerle\u015ftirildi\u011finde toplam ~105 tonluk bir y\u00fck s\u00f6z konusudur, yani 5 tonluk bir genel marj\u0131n\u0131z var. Bu, %5'in alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ram sapmas\u0131, kal\u0131nl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fimi veya bizzat y\u00fck h\u00fccreleriyle \u00f6l\u00e7t\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm 'luk bir g\u00f6sterge hatas\u0131, sizi yap\u0131sal s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n \u00fczerine iter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yan \u00e7er\u00e7evelerin paralelli\u011fi birka\u00e7 binde bir oran\u0131nda bozacak kadar esnedi\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Dramatik de\u011fil. Sadece pahal\u0131 ve kal\u0131c\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tonaj e\u011frisi, izin verilen y\u00fck\u00fc konum ve uzunlu\u011fun bir fonksiyonu olarak size s\u00f6yler. Dekoratif de\u011fildir. Hesaplanan gereksiniminiz, o tam konum ve a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131ktaki izin verilen tonaj\u0131n \u201380'ini a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u015fok marj\u0131 olmadan \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorsunuz demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do\u011frulama \u015funlar\u0131 ifade eder:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- Toplam gerekli tonaj\u0131 onaylay\u0131n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Fit ba\u015f\u0131na tona d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcn ve en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kal\u0131p derecesiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Z\u0131mba geometrisini temas gerilimi riski a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kontrol edin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0130\u015fi tablaya yerle\u015ftirin ve makinenin o konum ve uzunluktaki e\u011frisinden izin verilen tonaj\u0131 do\u011frulay\u0131n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Hesaplanan ihtiyac\u0131n \u00fczerinde en az \u201330 marj b\u0131rak\u0131n.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
Bunlardan herhangi biri ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olursa, \u201cdikkatli \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r\u0131m\u201d demezsiniz. Kurulumu de\u011fi\u015ftirirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u00fck da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, temas gerilimini ve \u00e7er\u00e7eve kapasitesini do\u011frulad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, hava b\u00fckme, tabana oturtma veya ezerek b\u00fckme (coining) aras\u0131nda se\u00e7im yapmak tahmin y\u00fcr\u00fctmekten \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu bir m\u00fchendislik karar\u0131 haline gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ve bir sonraki ad\u0131mda yapaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015fey de bu olacak; ger\u00e7ek bir i\u015fi al\u0131p form\u00fclden do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f, hayatta kalabilir bir kuruluma, tek bir tak\u0131m\u0131 bile \u00e7atlatmadan g\u00f6t\u00fcrece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tam Bir Uygulamal\u0131 \u00d6rnek: Bilinmeyen Malzemeden G\u00fcvenli Kuruluma<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Elinizde bir bask\u0131, bir y\u0131\u011f\u0131n plaka ve size g\u00fcvende oldu\u011funuzu s\u00f6yleyen bir hesap makinesi var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130\u015fte bu g\u00fcveni \u015farapnele d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmekten nas\u0131l ka\u00e7\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130\u015fin varsay\u0131msal ama ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i oldu\u011funu varsayal\u0131m: Malzeme \u201cyumu\u015fak \u00e7elik\u201d olarak belirtilmi\u015f, kal\u0131nl\u0131k 0,250 in\u00e7, b\u00fck\u00fcm uzunlu\u011fu 36 in\u00e7, 90\u00b0 b\u00fck\u00fcm, i\u00e7 yar\u0131\u00e7ap belirtilmemi\u015f. Pakette de\u011firmen sertifikas\u0131 yok. Makine 150 tonluk, 10 fitlik bir abkant pres. Tak\u0131m odas\u0131nda 35 ton\/fit de\u011ferinde 2,0 in\u00e7lik bir V kal\u0131p ve 20 ton\/fit de\u011ferinde 3,0 in\u00e7lik bir V kal\u0131p var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu, kendi ipinizi \u00e7ekmeniz i\u00e7in yeterli halat demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bunu cehaletten, kendi maa\u015f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 emanet edebilece\u011finiz bir kuruluma ta\u015f\u0131yaca\u011f\u0131z ve hesap makinesinin de\u011fil, tak\u0131m s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n hangi y\u00f6ntemin hayatta kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemesine izin verece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ad\u0131m 1: Eksik de\u011firmen spesifikasyonlar\u0131yla temel \u00e7izgiyi olu\u015fturma<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
De\u011firmen sertifikas\u0131 eksik oldu\u011funda, hi\u00e7bir \u015feyi iyimser varsaymazs\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cYumu\u015fak \u00e7elik\u201d 36 ksi akma dayan\u0131m\u0131nda olabilir. 50+ da olabilir. Bu fark ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde dramatik g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyebilir, ancak b\u00fckme kuvveti \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 neredeyse do\u011frusal olarak, kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise do\u011frusal olmayan bir \u015fekilde takip eder. Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karmak, tonaj\u0131 kabaca d\u00f6rt kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden 0,250 in\u00e7 \u00fczerindeki birka\u00e7 binde birlik fark, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fczden daha \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130\u015fe tedbirli ba\u015flar\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n hava b\u00fckme temel form\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[Ton\/ft] = [K \u00d7 (Kal\u0131nl\u0131k\u00b2)] \u00f7 V<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Burada: K = malzeme sabiti (standart bir yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik temeli kullanaca\u011f\u0131z) Kal\u0131nl\u0131k = 0,250 in\u00e7 V = kal\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pratik kural V \u2248 8 \u00d7 kal\u0131nl\u0131k oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yani:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V \u2248 [8 \u00d7 0,250 = 2,0 in\u00e7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
G\u00fczel. Asl\u0131nda elimizde 2,0 in\u00e7lik bir kal\u0131p var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u015eimdi orant\u0131l\u0131 tonaj\u0131 hesaplay\u0131n (a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 temel):<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[Kal\u0131nl\u0131k\u00b2] = [0,250\u00b2 = 0,0625] V'ye b\u00f6l\u00fcn: [0,0625 \u00f7 2,0 = 0,03125]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kuvveti belirleyen \u015fey bu orand\u0131r. V'yi daralt\u0131rsan\u0131z kuvvet f\u0131rlar. V'yi gev\u015fetirseniz h\u0131zla d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Malzeme sabiti ile \u00e7arp\u0131n ve 2,0 in\u00e7lik bir V i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ek A36 i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k 20\u201325 ton\/ft civar\u0131nda bir de\u011fer elde ederiz. 3 ft \u00fczerinde:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[24 ton\/ft \u00d7 3 ft = 72 ton toplam varsayal\u0131m]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
150 tonluk bir makinede bu g\u00fcvenli hissettirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130\u015fte tuzak burada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Y\u0131llar \u00f6nce, s\u0131cak bir partiden gelen ve mikrometrede 0,265 in\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen \u201c\u00e7eyrek in\u00e7lik yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik\u201d i\u015flemi\u015ftik. Operat\u00f6r etikete g\u00fcvendi. Ger\u00e7ek kal\u0131nl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fimi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[0,265\u00b2 = 0,0702] 0,0625 temel de\u011feriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n. Oran art\u0131\u015f\u0131: [0,0702 \u00f7 0,0625 \u2248 1,12]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sadece kal\u0131nl\u0131ktan dolay\u0131 y\u00fczde on iki daha fazla. \u00c7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131 da daha y\u00fcksekti. Nihai kuvvet tahminden neredeyse fazlayd\u0131. 4 yollu kal\u0131p, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc vuru\u015fta omuz k\u0131sm\u0131ndan \u00e7atlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7elik, enerjiyi bir yay gibi depolar. Yanl\u0131\u015f varsay\u0131mlarla ona a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bask\u0131 uygularsan\u0131z, bu enerjiyi y\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki en zay\u0131f y\u00fczeye bo\u015falt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Temel de\u011fer belirlendi, ancak bu sadece bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 yay \u00f6n y\u00fcklemesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Herhangi bir say\u0131ya g\u00fcvenmeden \u00f6nce, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcm partisinden bir hurda \u015ferit al\u0131n ve k\u0131sa bir test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n (k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ad\u0131m 2: B\u00fck\u00fcm uzunlu\u011fu ve malzeme \u00e7arpanlar\u0131na g\u00f6re ayarlama<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u015eimdi temel de\u011feri zorlayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00d6nce b\u00fck\u00fcm uzunlu\u011fu. Elimizde 36 in\u00e7 var:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[36 in\u00e7 \u00f7 12 = 3 fit]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
E\u011fer temel de\u011fer fit ba\u015f\u0131na 24 ton ise, toplam:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[24 \u00d7 3 = 72 ton]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Peki ya \u00e7elik 36 ksi de\u011filse? Diyelim ki 50 ksi malzeme gibi davran\u0131yor; egzotik de\u011fil, sadece daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc s\u0131cak haddelenmi\u015f \u00e7elik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Malzeme \u00e7arpan\u0131 \u2248 [50 \u00f7 36 \u2248 1,39]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ayarlanm\u0131\u015f fit ba\u015f\u0131na ton:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[24 \u00d7 1,39 \u2248 33 ton\/fit]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Toplam:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[33 \u00d7 3 \u2248 99 ton]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u015eu anda 100 tona yakla\u015f\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ne oldu\u011funa dikkat edin. Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmedik. Kal\u0131b\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmedik. Sadece mukavemeti d\u00fczelttik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ve kal\u0131p, hesap makinesinin ne varsayd\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilgilenmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130\u015fte geometrik p\u00fcf noktas\u0131. Birisi \u201cdaha keskin bir yar\u0131\u00e7ap i\u00e7in s\u0131k\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmaya\u201d karar verirse ve 1,5 in\u00e7lik bir V kal\u0131b\u0131na ge\u00e7erse, tonaj V ile ters orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Temel oran de\u011fi\u015fimi: [2,0 \u00f7 1,5 \u2248 1,33]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yani:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[33 ton\/fit \u00d7 1,33 \u2248 44 ton\/fit]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Toplam:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[44 \u00d7 3 \u2248 132 ton]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ayn\u0131 plaka. Ayn\u0131 b\u00fck\u00fcm uzunlu\u011fu. Sadece daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc malzeme ve daha dar bir kal\u0131p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bir keresinde bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun, a\u00e7\u0131 geri a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in tam olarak bu de\u011fi\u015fimi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 izlemi\u015ftim. Yeniden hesaplama yapmad\u0131. Y\u00fck g\u00f6stergesi, gaz pedal\u0131 tak\u0131l\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f bir takometre gibi y\u00fckseldi. 120 tonda durduk. Kal\u0131p \u00e7atlamad\u0131; esnedi. 3 fit boyunca kal\u0131c\u0131 bir g\u00fcl\u00fcmseme olu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130\u015fte bu y\u00fczden sadece \u201cmalzeme \u00e7arpan\u0131\u201d yeterli de\u011fildir. Kal\u0131p geometrisi denkleme hakimdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tam uzunlu\u011fa ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce, se\u00e7ti\u011finiz ger\u00e7ek kal\u0131pta 6 in\u00e7lik bir test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n ve a\u00e7\u0131ya yakla\u015f\u0131rken y\u00fck e\u011frisini izleyin. E\u011fer e\u011fim derinli\u011fe yakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a keskin bir \u015fekilde dikle\u015fiyorsa, sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan daha \u00e7ok tabana yakla\u015f\u0131yorsunuz demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ad\u0131m 3: Nihai say\u0131y\u0131 z\u0131mba ve kal\u0131p y\u00fck limitlerine g\u00f6re \u00e7apraz kontrol etme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u015eimdi yukar\u0131daki en k\u00f6t\u00fc olas\u0131 senaryoyu ele alal\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2248 3 fit boyunca 1,5 in\u00e7 V kal\u0131pta 44 ton\/fit = toplam 132 ton<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130\u015fe tak\u0131mlarla ba\u015flay\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
E\u011fer 2,0 in\u00e7lik kal\u0131p 35 ton\/fit de\u011ferindeyse, daha dar olan 1,5 in\u00e7lik kal\u0131p daha y\u00fcksek bir de\u011fere sahip olmayacakt\u0131r. \u00d6rnek olmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan 30 ton\/fit de\u011ferini varsayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gereken de\u011ferimiz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
44 ton\/fit Kal\u0131p de\u011feri:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
30 ton\/fit<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu 'lik bir a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fckleme demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Makinenin 150 ton basabilmesinin bir \u00f6nemi yok. Kal\u0131p basamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu y\u00fczden 2,0 in\u00e7lik V kal\u0131ba geri d\u00f6n\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2,0 in\u00e7lik V kal\u0131p ile en k\u00f6t\u00fc olas\u0131 senaryoyu tekrar \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ral\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
33 ton\/fit (daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc malzeme durumu) Kal\u0131p de\u011feri: 35 ton\/fit<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pay:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[35 \u2212 33 = 2 ton\/fit]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu \u00e7ok ince bir pay. 3 fit boyunca k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sapmalar birikir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u015eimdi makine konumunu kontrol edin. Se\u00e7ilen yatak konumunda izin verilebilir y\u00fck\u00fcn 140 ton oldu\u011funu varsayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gerekli toplam: 99 ton (sa\u011flam malzeme, 2.0 in\u00e7 V kal\u0131p)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Makine pay\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[140 \u2212 99 = 41 ton] Yakla\u015f\u0131k<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu kabul edilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fit ba\u015f\u0131na tak\u0131m pay\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[35 \u2212 33 = 2 ton\/ft] \u2248 %6 pay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Benim zevkime g\u00f6re \u00e7ok dar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Y\u00f6ntem karar\u0131n\u0131n zorunlu hale geldi\u011fi nokta buras\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
E\u011fer 2.0 in\u00e7 V kal\u0131pta hava b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc bizi 35 ton\/ft alt\u0131nda tutuyorsa, orada kal\u0131r\u0131z. Tabana oturtma (bottoming) kuvveti bunun \u00e7ok \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rd\u0131. Madeni para basar gibi b\u00fckme (coining) ise pervas\u0131zca olurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Daha az geri esneme istedi\u011fimiz i\u00e7in tabana oturtmay\u0131 se\u00e7miyoruz. Tak\u0131m de\u011ferleri gerektirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in hava b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc se\u00e7iyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bir keresinde, s\u0131rf \u201cpresin kapasitesi var\u201d diye sadece hava b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in derecelendirilmi\u015f bir kal\u0131pta 1\/4 in\u00e7 plakay\u0131 tabana oturtan bir ekip g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcm. Vardiya ortas\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, z\u0131mba burnu boydan boya mikro \u00e7atlaklar olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu. A\u00e7\u0131lar 1,5 derece kaym\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Tak\u0131m, e\u011fik \u0131\u015f\u0131kta bakana kadar iyi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. O i\u015f, yeni bir z\u0131mban\u0131n masraf\u0131na mal oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u00f6ylece g\u00fcvenli kurulumumuz \u015fu \u015fekilde oluyor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- Hava b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- 2.0 in\u00e7 V kal\u0131p<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f k\u0131sa par\u00e7a testi<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Fit ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fck\u00fcn 35 ton\/ft alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu onayland\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Makine konumu tonaj e\u011frisine g\u00f6re kontrol edildi<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- ~\u201330 genel makine pay\u0131n\u0131 koruyun<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131za dikkat edin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hesap makinesi bize bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 say\u0131s\u0131 verdi. Kal\u0131p derecesi y\u00f6ntemi belirledi. Makine e\u011frisi konumu belirledi. Malzeme belirsizli\u011fi bir \u00e7arpan\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131. Test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu statik bir tonaj cevab\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu, kontrol alt\u0131ndaki bir sistemdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\nB\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/th> Temel Noktalar<\/th> Hesaplamalar \/ De\u011ferler<\/th> Sonu\u00e7 \/ Risk<\/th><\/tr><\/thead> Eksik haddehane spesifikasyonlar\u0131 ile temel olu\u015fturma<\/td> Haddehane sertifikas\u0131 eksik oldu\u011funda muhafazakar malzeme mukavemetini varsay\u0131n. B\u00fckme kuvveti, \u00e7ekme mukavemeti ile neredeyse do\u011frusal, kal\u0131nl\u0131k ile ise do\u011frusal olmayan bir \u015fekilde \u00f6l\u00e7eklenir.<\/td> Kal\u0131nl\u0131k = 0,250 in\u00e7 V \u2248 8 \u00d7 kal\u0131nl\u0131k = 2,0 in\u00e7 Kal\u0131nl\u0131k\u00b2 = 0,250\u00b2 = 0,0625 0,0625 \u00f7 2,0 = 0,03125<\/td> Temel \u2248 20\u201325 ton\/ft (24 ton\/ft varsay\u0131n)<\/td><\/tr> Toplam temel tonaj\u0131<\/td> 3 ft b\u00fckme uzunlu\u011fu<\/td> 24 ton\/ft \u00d7 3 ft = 72 ton<\/td> 150 tonluk makinede rahat<\/td><\/tr> Kal\u0131nl\u0131k varyasyonu riski<\/td> Ger\u00e7ek kal\u0131nl\u0131k 0,265 in\u00e7 olarak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc<\/td> 0,265\u00b2 = 0,0702 0,0702 \u00f7 0,0625 \u2248 1,12<\/td> Sadece kal\u0131nl\u0131ktan art\u0131\u015f; toplam kuvvet art\u0131\u015f\u0131 neredeyse \u2192 tak\u0131m ar\u0131zas\u0131 riski<\/td><\/tr> Pratik kontrol<\/td> Her zaman ayn\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcmden hurda ile test edin<\/td> Azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta k\u0131sa test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc<\/td> Tam y\u00fcklemeden \u00f6nce varsay\u0131mlar\u0131 do\u011frular<\/td><\/tr> B\u00fck\u00fcm uzunlu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirmesi<\/td> 36 in\u00e7 b\u00fck\u00fcm uzunlu\u011fu<\/td> 36 \u00f7 12 = 3 ft 24 \u00d7 3 = 72 ton<\/td> Temel toplam kuvvet<\/td><\/tr> Malzeme \u00e7arpan\u0131 (50 ksi'ye kar\u015f\u0131 36 ksi)<\/td> Daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc malzeme i\u00e7in ayarlama<\/td> 50 \u00f7 36 \u2248 1.39 24 \u00d7 1.39 \u2248 33 ton\/ft 33 \u00d7 3 \u2248 99 ton<\/td> Kuvvet ~99 tona y\u00fckselir<\/td><\/tr> Kal\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimi (2.0 in\u00e7 \u2192 1.5 in\u00e7 V)<\/td> Tonaj, V ile ters orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak \u00f6l\u00e7eklenir<\/td> 2.0 \u00f7 1.5 \u2248 1.33 33 \u00d7 1.33 \u2248 44 ton\/ft 44 \u00d7 3 \u2248 132 ton<\/td> Toplam kuvvet ~132 tona \u00e7\u0131kar<\/td><\/tr> Geometri etkisi<\/td> Kal\u0131p geometrisi tonaj\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde etkiler<\/td> Kal\u0131nl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fimi yok; sadece V azalt\u0131ld\u0131<\/td> Tak\u0131m deformasyonu riski<\/td><\/tr> Pratik kontrol<\/td> Se\u00e7ilen kal\u0131pta 6 in\u00e7lik test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirin<\/td> A\u00e7\u0131 yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki y\u00fck e\u011frisini g\u00f6zlemleyin<\/td> Tabana vurma riskini erken tespit edin<\/td><\/tr> En k\u00f6t\u00fc g\u00fcvenilir durum<\/td> 1,5 in\u00e7 V, 3 fit \u00fczerinde 44 ton\/fit<\/td> 44 \u00d7 3 = 132 ton<\/td> Y\u00fcksek y\u00fck senaryosu<\/td><\/tr> Tak\u0131m derecelendirme kontrol\u00fc (1,5 in\u00e7 V)<\/td> Kal\u0131p derecelendirmesini 30 ton\/fit olarak varsayal\u0131m<\/td> Gerekli 44 ton\/fit ile 30 ton\/fit derecelendirme kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131<\/td> a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fck \u2192 kabul edilemez<\/td><\/tr> 2,0 in\u00e7 V'ye geri d\u00f6n\u00fcn<\/td> G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc malzeme durumu<\/td> 33 ton\/fit gerekli Kal\u0131p derecelendirmesi = 35 ton\/fit 35 \u2212 33 = 2 ton\/fit pay<\/td> ~%6 tak\u0131m pay\u0131 (s\u0131k\u0131)<\/td><\/tr> Makine kapasite kontrol\u00fc<\/td> Konumdaki makine izin verilen de\u011feri = 140 ton<\/td> 140 \u2212 99 = 41 ton (~ pay)<\/td> Kabul edilebilir makine pay\u0131<\/td><\/tr> Y\u00f6ntem karar\u0131<\/td> Kuvvet art\u0131\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle tabana oturtma\/darphane (coining) i\u015fleminden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n<\/td> 2,0 in\u00e7 V'de hava b\u00fckme ile devam edin<\/td> Tak\u0131m s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 koruyun<\/td><\/tr> Nihai kontroll\u00fc kurulum<\/td> Do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f konfig\u00fcrasyon<\/td> Hava b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc 2.0, V K\u0131sa uzunluk testi <35 ton\/ft ~\u201330 makine marj\u0131<\/td> Do\u011frulama ve marjlar yoluyla kontrol alt\u0131ndaki sistem<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\nHesap Makinesi Kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131ndan Kendinden Emin Do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131ya<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Art\u0131k do\u011fru soruyu soruyorsunuz: E\u011fer varyasyon ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazsa, buna dayanacak marjlar\u0131 nas\u0131l olu\u015fturursunuz?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
G\u00fczel. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7o\u011fu at\u00f6lyenin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyi b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 nokta buras\u0131d\u0131r. Bir say\u0131 al\u0131rlar, kontrolde ye\u015fil \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcrler ve par\u00e7a basmaya ba\u015flarlar. 90 tonluk bir i\u015fin, ikinci vardiyadaki bir \u00e7ocuk kurulum sayfas\u0131na 0.250 yerine 0 girdi\u011fi ve kimse yeni paletteki kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeniden do\u011frulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in 110 tonluk bir ger\u00e7e\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc izledim. Kal\u0131p patlamad\u0131. Sadece iki g\u00fcn sonra omuz k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndan \u00e7atlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Marjlar \u201cekledi\u011finiz\u201d bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Onlar, kan\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z \u015feylerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ve bu kan\u0131t zihinsel bir de\u011fi\u015fimle ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
De\u011fi\u015fim: \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i hesap makinelerini nihai cevaplar olarak de\u011fil, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktalar\u0131 olarak kullanmak<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7evrimi\u00e7i bir hesap makinesi, se\u00e7medi\u011finiz bir varsay\u0131m y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131na dayal\u0131 bir tonaj verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7o\u011fu malzeme sabitini gizler. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 575 kullan\u0131r. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 650 kullan\u0131r. Bu, ger\u00e7ek \u00e7elikten bahsetmeden \u00f6nce bile 'l\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fim demektir. Temel de\u011feriniz 24 ton\/ft ise, \u015fudur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[24 \u00d7 0,13 \u2248 3,1 ton\/ft]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3 ft \u00fczerinde:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[3,1 \u00d7 3 \u2248 9 ton]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dokuz ton, \u201crahat\u201d olmak ile \u201co kal\u0131p neden \u00f6t\u00fcyor?\u201d aras\u0131ndaki farkt\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ancak o i\u015fte, bask\u0131da \u201cA36\u201d yaz\u0131yordu. Sac y\u00fcksek mukavemetli geldi. Ayn\u0131 kal\u0131nl\u0131k. Ayn\u0131 V. Farkl\u0131 ger\u00e7eklik. Form\u00fcl yalan s\u00f6ylemedi; sadece varsay\u0131mda bulundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130\u015fte ileriye ta\u015f\u0131man\u0131z\u0131 istedi\u011fim bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131: hesap makinesinin i\u015fi kesinlik sa\u011flamak de\u011fil, hassasiyeti ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmakt\u0131r. Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 %5 de\u011fi\u015ftirin. Karesel terim nedeniyle tonaj\u0131n f\u0131rlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 izleyin. V'yi 8\u00d7 kal\u0131nl\u0131ktan 6\u00d7 kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa de\u011fi\u015ftirin. Ters orant\u0131 nedeniyle y\u00fckseli\u015fini izleyin. Tek bir cevap aram\u0131yorsunuz. Kurulumunuzun k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hatalara kar\u015f\u0131 ne kadar k\u0131r\u0131lgan oldu\u011funu haritaland\u0131r\u0131yorsunuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
E\u011fer 0,015 in\u00e7lik bir kal\u0131nl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fimi veya 0,5 in\u00e7lik bir kal\u0131p de\u011fi\u015fimi sizi tak\u0131m derecesinin yak\u0131n\u0131na itiyorsa, bir kurulumunuz yok; bir kumar\u0131n\u0131z var demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Herhangi bir say\u0131ya g\u00fcvenmeden \u00f6nce, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcm partisinden bir hurda \u015ferit al\u0131n ve k\u0131sa bir test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n (k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Peki, presin arkas\u0131nda \u00e7elik y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmaya ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce tam olarak neyi do\u011frulars\u0131n\u0131z?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tam \u00fcretime ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce \u00f6n b\u00fck\u00fcm do\u011frulama kontrol listesi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
K\u00e2r marj\u0131n\u0131, bir makine taban\u0131n\u0131 in\u015fa etti\u011finiz gibi in\u015fa edersiniz; yani temelden yukar\u0131ya do\u011fru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1. Ger\u00e7ek kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn.<\/strong> Etiketi de\u011fil. Sat\u0131n alma sipari\u015fini de\u011fil. Mikrometre ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn.<\/p>\n\n\n\nNominal de\u011fer 0,250 ise ve siz 0,265 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcyorsan\u0131z:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Temel kuvvet oran\u0131 = [0,265\u00b2 \u00f7 0,250\u00b2] = [0,0702 \u00f7 0,0625 \u2248 1,12]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
0,015 in\u00e7ten kaynaklanan y\u00fczde on iki daha fazla kuvvet. Bu, karesel ili\u015fkinin sessizce verdi\u011fi zarard\u0131r. Kal\u0131nl\u0131k, t\u00fcm denklemdeki en y\u00fcksek kald\u0131ra\u00e7 etkisine sahip de\u011fi\u015fkendir. Ona hak etti\u011fi de\u011feri verin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2. Kal\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7lanan de\u011ferle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak do\u011frulay\u0131n.<\/strong> Genel kural, V \u2248 8 \u00d7 kal\u0131nl\u0131k oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Bu bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 geometrisidir, yasa de\u011fil.<\/p>\n\n\n\nE\u011fer V de\u011ferini 2,0 in\u00e7ten 1,5 in\u00e7e d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcrseniz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kuvvet oran\u0131 = [2,0 \u00f7 1,5 \u2248 1,33]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Y\u00fczde otuz \u00fc\u00e7 art\u0131\u015f. Malzeme de\u011fi\u015fimi yok. Uzunluk de\u011fi\u015fimi yok. Sadece geometri. Bir keresinde bir ustaba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, yeniden hesaplama yapmadan 5\/16 plaka \u00fczerinde \u201cyar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 keskinle\u015ftirdi\u011fine\u201d \u015fahit oldum. \u00d6\u011fle yeme\u011fine kadar z\u0131mba burnunda t\u0131rna\u011f\u0131n\u0131zla hissedebilece\u011finiz k\u0131lcal \u00e7atlaklar olu\u015fmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
E\u011fer kal\u0131p kapasiteniz 35 ton\/ft ise ve en k\u00f6t\u00fc ihtimal hesaplaman\u0131z 33 ton\/ft diyorsa, a\u015f\u0131nma ve parti de\u011fi\u015fkenli\u011fi devreye girdi\u011finde o 2 tonluk marj bir hayalden ibarettir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3. \u00d6nce ayak ba\u015f\u0131na tak\u0131m kapasitesini, ikinci olarak makine kapasitesini \u00e7apraz kontrol edin.<\/strong> Gerekli y\u00fck 30 ton\/ft ise ve kal\u0131p 28 ton\/ft kapasiteye sahipse, durursunuz. Presin 200 ton olmas\u0131 umurumda de\u011fil. Tak\u0131mlar yerel olarak bozulur. Makineler ise genel olarak bozulur.<\/p>\n\n\n\nArd\u0131ndan, ger\u00e7ek b\u00fck\u00fcm uzunlu\u011funda ve konumunda makine kapasitesini kontrol edin. 100 tonluk bir abkant pres, tabla boyunca her yerde 100 ton de\u011fildir. Toplam gereksiniminizin, o a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131ktaki nominal kapasitenin en az \u201330 alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funu do\u011frulay\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gerekli toplam: 80 ton Konumdaki makine kapasitesi: 110 ton Marj: [(110 \u2212 80) \u00f7 80 \u2248 0,375 = ,5]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u015eimdi rahat bir nefes alabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
4. Azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta bir test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n ve y\u00fck e\u011frisini izleyin.<\/strong> Sadece a\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 de\u011fil. Y\u00fck e\u011frisini. E\u011fer tonaj hava b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fcnde d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde y\u00fckselip dengeleniyorsa, sorun yok. E\u011fer alt noktaya yak\u0131n bir yerde aniden y\u00fckseliyorsa, isteseniz de istemeseniz de tabana vurmaya (bottoming) do\u011fru kay\u0131yorsunuz demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\nHerhangi bir say\u0131ya g\u00fcvenmeden \u00f6nce, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcm partisinden bir hurda \u015ferit al\u0131n ve k\u0131sa bir test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n (k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Belirsizli\u011fi, parmaklar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7apraz yap\u0131p \u015fans dilemek yerine s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir riske d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmenin yolu budur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Peki ya gelecek ay ayn\u0131 par\u00e7a geri geldi\u011finde ve kimse neden o 2.0 V de\u011ferini se\u00e7ti\u011finizi hat\u0131rlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ne olacak?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bir sonraki i\u015fin s\u0131f\u0131rdan ba\u015flamamas\u0131 i\u00e7in kurulumunuzu belgelemek<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u0130\u015fte profesyonellerin sadece d\u00fc\u011fmeye basanlardan ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 nokta buras\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hesap makinesindeki say\u0131y\u0131 belgelemezsiniz. Karar\u0131 y\u00f6nlendiren k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 belgelersiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u015eunlar\u0131 not edin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- Ger\u00e7ek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen kal\u0131nl\u0131k aral\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Kullan\u0131lan kal\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve nedeni (tak\u0131m dayan\u0131m\u0131 ile kuvvet hassasiyeti kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Hesaplanan en k\u00f6t\u00fc durum tonaj\/ayak (ton\/ft)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Ayak ba\u015f\u0131na tak\u0131m dayan\u0131m\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Pozisyondaki makine kapasitesi<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- G\u00f6zlemlenen test b\u00fck\u00fcm tonaj\u0131 ve geri yaylanma<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Bu sayfa, gelecekteki marj haritan\u0131z olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Y\u0131llar \u00f6nce \u201ckolay olmas\u0131 gereken\u201d bir braket i\u015fini tekrar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Hi\u00e7 not yoktu. Yeni operat\u00f6r geri yaylanmay\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in daha dar bir V se\u00e7ti. Kimse orijinal kal\u0131b\u0131n sadece marj\u0131 oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlamad\u0131. Vardiya sonunda alt kal\u0131b\u0131n orta k\u0131sm\u0131nda kal\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc olu\u015fmu\u015ftu. Ayn\u0131 par\u00e7a numaras\u0131. Farkl\u0131 sonu\u00e7. Belgelemenin n\u00f6bet tutmas\u0131 gereken yerde haf\u0131za ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Karar mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belgeledi\u011finizde, bir sonraki kurulum iyimserlikle de\u011fil, s\u0131n\u0131rlarla ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ve i\u015fte yan\u0131n\u0131za alman\u0131z\u0131 istedi\u011fim tek bir \u015fey var \u2014 bariz olmayan k\u0131s\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tonaj marj\u0131, sona ekledi\u011finiz bir y\u00fczde de\u011fildir. Kal\u0131nl\u0131k, mukavemet, V a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131, uzunluk gibi her hassas de\u011fi\u015fkeni sistemdeki en zay\u0131f bile\u015fene kar\u015f\u0131 stres testine tabi tuttuktan sonra kalan kapasitedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tam tonaj\u0131 tahmin etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yorsunuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya her girdiyi ayn\u0131 anda yanl\u0131\u015f y\u00f6ne do\u011fru itti\u011finde bile, sistemdeki hi\u00e7bir \u015feyin k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131na yak\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorsunuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hesap makinesi kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ile kendine g\u00fcvenen bir do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki fark budur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Geriye kalan tek soru \u015fu: Varyasyon sizin lehinize de\u011fil de aleyhinize i\u015fledi\u011finde, kurulumunuz bunu absorbe mi edecek, yoksa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir yay gibi odadaki en pahal\u0131 \u00e7elik par\u00e7as\u0131na m\u0131 bo\u015faltacak?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0130kinci vardiyadaki bir \u00e7ocuk, \u015firketin parlak \u201ctek t\u0131kla\u201d hesap makinesine 0,250 in\u00e7lik yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik verilerini girdi. Sonu\u00e7 olarak 82 ton \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Makine 100 ton i\u00e7in derecelendirilmi\u015fti. Ye\u015fil \u0131\u015f\u0131k yand\u0131. \u0130lk b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fcn yar\u0131s\u0131nda, at\u00f6lye zemini sanki birisi bir \u00f6rs d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f gibi sars\u0131ld\u0131. 4 yollu kal\u0131p omuz k\u0131sm\u0131ndan ayr\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7entik almad\u0131. \u0130kiye ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Be\u015f tane s\u00fcp\u00fcrd\u00fck [\u2026]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":816,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_breakdance_hide_in_design_set":false,"_breakdance_tags":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-812","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/812","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=812"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/812\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1102,"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/812\/revisions\/1102"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/816"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=812"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=812"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=812"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nO hesaplay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekte yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey \u015fuydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7o\u011fumuzun \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi hava b\u00fckme form\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131: Ayak ba\u015f\u0131na tonaj = [ (K \u00d7 UTS \u00d7 t\u00b2) \/ V ]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Burada: <\/p>\n\n\n\n [K] = sabit (hava b\u00fckme i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,33) <\/p>\n\n\n\n [UTS] = malzeme \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131 <\/p>\n\n\n\n [t] = malzeme kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 <\/p>\n\n\n\n [V] = kal\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n Say\u0131lar\u0131 girdi\u011finizde temiz bir sonu\u00e7 verir. Bilimsel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Tam hissettirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ama o i\u015fte, \u00e7izimde \u201cA36\u201d yaz\u0131yordu. Gelen parti kitap de\u011ferinden daha sert \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kal\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nominal 8\u00d7 kal\u0131nl\u0131k de\u011fildi \u2014 yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in daha dard\u0131. Ve b\u00fckme uzunlu\u011fu neredeyse t\u00fcm tabla boyunca uzan\u0131yordu; o noktada dinamik ta\u00e7 ayar\u0131 yapmad\u0131ysan\u0131z sehim a\u00e7\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7almaya ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Form\u00fcl ortalama dayan\u0131m, standart V de\u011feri, e\u015f y\u00fck da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ve m\u00fckemmel destek varsayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ger\u00e7ek at\u00f6lyeler \u201cortalama\u201dyla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir keresinde, biri levha \u00fczerindeki \u00b10,015\u2033 kal\u0131nl\u0131k fark\u0131na ra\u011fmen nominal kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa g\u00fcvendi\u011fi i\u00e7in bir kal\u0131p burun ucunun \u00e7atlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. O fazladan kal\u0131nl\u0131k form\u00fcl\u00fcn i\u00e7inde kendisini kareye ald\u0131. O k\u0131sm\u0131 unutmay\u0131n: t\u00b2<\/strong>. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir giri\u015f hatas\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tonaj s\u0131\u00e7ramas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Herhangi bir say\u0131ya g\u00fcvenmeden \u00f6nce, ayn\u0131 partiden bir hurda \u015ferit al\u0131n ve k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta bir test b\u00fckmesi yap\u0131n. Ger\u00e7ek a\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 hedefle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n. Oradan ayarlay\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yani matematik do\u011fruysa, kal\u0131p neden yine de k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir hesap makinesi \u015fekillendirme kuvvetini tahmin eder. G\u00fcvenli bir kurulum ise makine ve tak\u0131m s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na sayg\u0131 duyar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bunlar ayn\u0131 problem de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Pres b\u00fckme makineniz, bak\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa g\u00fcn boyu \u00b10.5\u00b0 hassasiyetle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir. Lazer geri bildirimi ve ta\u00e7 ayar\u0131 d\u00fczg\u00fcn davran\u0131yorsa belki daha da s\u0131k\u0131. Ancak bu hassasiyet, g\u00f6vdenin maksimum y\u00fcke yak\u0131nken esnemedi\u011fini ve tak\u0131m\u0131n kendi kapasitesinin \u00f6tesinde gerilmedi\u011fini varsayar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hesap makinesi toplamda bize 82 ton verdi. 100 tonluk bir makinede kula\u011fa g\u00fcvenli geliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ama detaya inelim: [Toplam tonaj] \u00f7 [B\u00fckme uzunlu\u011fu (ft)] = [Ayak ba\u015f\u0131na ton]<\/p>\n\n\n\n E\u011fer 6 fit \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ysak: [82 ton] \u00f7 [6 ft] \u2248 [13.7 ton\/ft]<\/p>\n\n\n\n O kal\u0131p, ayak ba\u015f\u0131na 12 ton i\u00e7in derecelendirilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Makine iyiydi. Tak\u0131m de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir operat\u00f6r\u00fcn, makine kapasitesini kontrol ederken kal\u0131p tablosuna hi\u00e7 bakmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in alt kal\u0131b\u0131n omuzlarda mantarla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 izledim. Pres dayand\u0131. Kal\u0131p dayanmad\u0131. \u00c7elik her zaman bir yerde akma g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tam uzunlukta \u00fcretime ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce, hesaplalanan tonajda 6\u201312 in\u00e7 b\u00fck\u00fcn ve gereken kuvveti, tak\u0131m\u0131n ayak ba\u015f\u0131na derecesiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n. E\u011fer tak\u0131m s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n \u2019u i\u00e7inde kal\u0131yorsan\u0131z, durun ve V a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya malzeme partisini yeniden de\u011ferlendirin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Peki \u201cyaln\u0131zca\u201d y\u00fczde onluk bir fark oldu\u011funda ne olur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Diyelim ki ger\u00e7ek gereksinim 90 tondu. Hesap makinesi 82 dedi. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131k \u2019luk bir sapmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckseniz, a\u00e7\u0131lar tutars\u0131z olur. Yaylanma de\u011fi\u015fir. Par\u00e7alar sapar. Sinir bozucu. Hurda kutusu yava\u015f\u00e7a dolar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n fazla y\u00fckleme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, tak\u0131m s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yak\u0131nsa, o ekstra y\u00fck kendini nazik\u00e7e yaymaz. Yumruk ucu ve kal\u0131p omuzlar\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131r \u2014 aralar\u0131ndaki yay\u0131 fazla s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak gibi. \u00c7elik o enerjiyi depolar. Sonra \u00e7atlaklara sal\u0131verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Farkl\u0131 ar\u0131za bi\u00e7imleri. \u00c7ok farkl\u0131 faturalar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir seferinde, operat\u00f6r hafif az b\u00fck\u00fclme g\u00f6rd\u00fckten sonra \u201cemin olmak i\u00e7in\u201d tonaj\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc bir z\u0131mba tamamen k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. A\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 d\u00fczeltti. Ama tam o b\u00f6l\u00fcm birle\u015fiminde bir gerilim sivrilmesi yaratt\u0131. Tek bir y\u00fcksek patlama sesi. \u00dc\u00e7 haftal\u0131k gecikme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yapman\u0131z gereken zihinsel de\u011fi\u015fim \u015fu: hesap makinesi \u201cBu kal\u0131pta bu kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ideal varsay\u0131mlar alt\u0131nda hangi kuvvet b\u00fcker?\u201d sorusuna yan\u0131t verir. Siz ise \u201cTam olarak bu makinem, tam olarak bu tak\u0131m\u0131m ve tam olarak bu malzeme, bu kuvveti tam bu uzunluk boyunca kald\u0131rabilir mi?\u201d sorusuna yan\u0131t vermelisiniz.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kapasiteye yak\u0131n herhangi bir \u00fcretim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce, hesaplanan tonaj\u0131n 'inde k\u0131sa bir hurda testi yap\u0131n, a\u00e7\u0131 ve makine y\u00fck e\u011frisini izlerken kademeli olarak art\u0131r\u0131n ve aletin ayak ba\u015f\u0131na ton de\u011feriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak do\u011frulay\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hesap makinesi yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in tehlikeli de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Konu\u015ftu\u011funda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyi b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7in tehlikelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ba\u015fka bir \u201cdikkatli ol\u201d dersi de\u011fil, sistematik bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 istiyorsun.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00fczel. O halde form\u00fcl\u00fc, sana nerede yalan s\u00f6yledi\u011fini g\u00f6rene kadar par\u00e7alara ay\u0131rarak ba\u015fl\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nceki bir i\u015fte 3\/16\" levha b\u00fck\u00fcyorduk, ola\u011fan d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir \u015fey yoktu, uzun d\u00fcz bir flan\u015f. Hesap makinesi toplam 58 ton dedi. Makine 90 yapabiliyordu. Operat\u00f6r kendini g\u00fcvende hissetti. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131 kaymaya ba\u015flad\u0131, bu y\u00fczden kuvveti yeniden hesaplamadan yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in V\u2019yi 1.5\"\u2019den 1.25\"\u2019e d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu sessiz de\u011fi\u015fiklik, tonaj\u0131 pun\u00e7 ucunu \u00e7atlatacak kadar art\u0131rd\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir olay olmad\u0131. Sadece iki g\u00fcn sonra y\u0131rt\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen ince bir \u00e7atlak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ayn\u0131 kal\u0131nl\u0131k. Ayn\u0131 malzeme. Farkl\u0131 kal\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015fte temel form\u00fcl\u00fcn i\u015fe yarad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u2014 ve tembel girdileri cezaland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u2014 g\u00f6steren yer buras\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 standart hava b\u00fckme denklemi \u015f\u00f6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tonaj = (K \u00d7 \u00c7ekme Dayan\u0131m\u0131 \u00d7 Kal\u0131nl\u0131k\u00b2 \u00d7 B\u00fckme Uzunlu\u011fu) \u00f7 Kal\u0131p A\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bunu uzun bi\u00e7imde yaz. Ekrandaki kutuya g\u00fcvenme. De\u011fi\u015fkenleri g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde tuzaklar\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fcrs\u00fcn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bunu sihirbaz gibi de\u011fil, tamirci gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ger\u00e7ek bir \u00f6rnek alal\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eimdi ad\u0131m ad\u0131m ilerleyelim:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ton cinsine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcn: [9,975 \u00f7 2,000] \u2248 5 ton\/ft<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4 ft boyunca: \u2248 toplam 20 ton.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Temiz. \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Zarars\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eimdi bir girdi de\u011fi\u015ftirin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V de\u011ferini 2.0 in\u2019den 1.25 in\u2019e daralt\u0131n \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir i\u00e7 yar\u0131\u00e7ap istiyorsunuz. Di\u011fer her \u015fey ayn\u0131 kal\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sadece payda de\u011fi\u015fiyor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n [19,950 \u00f7 1.25] = 15,960 lb\/ft \u2248 8 ton\/ft Toplam \u2248 32 ton<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmediniz. Malzemeyi de\u011fi\u015ftirmediniz. Geometriyi de\u011fi\u015ftirdiniz \u2014 ve kuvvet yakla\u015f\u0131k artt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir keresinde, birinin \u201cyaylanmay\u0131 kontrol etmek\u201d i\u00e7in V\u2019yi yar\u0131ya indirmesi ve V\u2019nin paydada bulundu\u011funu unutmas\u0131 nedeniyle bir d\u00f6rt y\u00f6nl\u00fc kal\u0131b\u0131n omzundan tamamen yar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 izledim. Payday\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fczde, t\u00fcm kesir kabar\u0131r. O kal\u0131p, \u00e7eli\u011fin gizemli olmas\u0131ndan de\u011fil; birinin geometrinin bir kuvvet \u00e7arpan\u0131 de\u011fil de kozmetik bir tercih oldu\u011funu sanmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Herhangi bir say\u0131ya g\u00fcvenmeden \u00f6nce, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcm partisinden bir hurda \u015ferit al\u0131n ve k\u0131sa bir test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n (k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta).<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eimdi o denkleme geri d\u00f6n\u00fcn. Fark\u0131na varmadan kayabilecek de\u011fi\u015fken hangisi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ama o i\u015fte, \u00e7izimde \u201cA36\u201d yaz\u0131yordu.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu etiket, k\u00f6t\u00fc matematikten \u00e7ok daha fazla at\u00f6lyeyi kand\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7o\u011fu tablo ve hesap makinesi, yakla\u015f\u0131k 60.000 psi \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131na sahip \u201cyumu\u015fak \u00e7elik\u201d varsayar. Baz\u0131 A36 partileri bu de\u011fere yakla\u015f\u0131r. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 yakla\u015fmaz. 70.000 psi\u2019nin \u00fczerinde test sertifikalar\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Bu s\u0131rad\u0131\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil. Bu, tedarik zincirinin ger\u00e7e\u011fi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ayn\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fe geri d\u00f6n\u00fcn ve yaln\u0131zca UTS de\u011ferini de\u011fi\u015ftirin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n 60.000 psi yerine 72.000 psi kullan\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ayn\u0131 ad\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2248 6 ton\/ft Toplam \u2248 24 ton<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sadece \u0131s\u0131 partisinin ger\u00e7ek dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek i\u015fe 4 ton eklediniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ve bu, \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131 ve yaylanma geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn (springback) her ikisinin de artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 paslanmaz \u00e7elikten bahsetmeden \u00f6nce. Kuvvet artar, gerekli a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 b\u00fckme artar ve \u201cyumu\u015fak \u00e7elik referans\u0131n\u0131z\u201d nazik bir kurguya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir keresinde, beklenenden daha sert bir partide operat\u00f6r yaylanma geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc yakalamak i\u00e7in tonaj\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, b\u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc bir z\u0131mba tam diki\u015f yerinde k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. A\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 d\u00fczeltti. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, z\u0131mba ile kal\u0131p aras\u0131ndaki y\u00fcklenmi\u015f yayda daha fazla elastik enerji depolad\u0131. \u00c7elik unutmaz. O enerjiyi, en zay\u0131f kesitine geri b\u0131rak\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Form\u00fcl yanl\u0131\u015f de\u011fil. K\u00f6r. Size do\u011fruluk verildi\u011fini varsay\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tam boy \u00fcretime ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce, malzeme sertifikas\u0131ndan \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulay\u0131n ve varsay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131za kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ek yaylanma geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc do\u011frulamak i\u00e7in k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir hurda b\u00fckme denemesi yap\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Peki dayan\u0131m de\u011fi\u015febiliyorsa ve geometrik fakt\u00f6rler kuvveti katl\u0131yorsa, bir de \u00fcniteleri sessizce kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ne olur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015fte, bir \u015fey k\u0131r\u0131lana kadar ses \u00e7\u0131karmayan bir \u00f6rnek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130kinci vardiyadaki bir \u00e7ocuk hesap makinesine 0,250 yazd\u0131, ama hesap makinesi metrik moda ayarl\u0131yd\u0131. Kal\u0131nl\u0131k alan\u0131nda \u201cmm\u201d yaz\u0131yordu. Oysa in\u00e7 demek istemi\u015fti. Makine bunu 0,250 mm \u2014 yani yakla\u015f\u0131k birka\u00e7 milin (yakla\u015f\u0131k on binde bir in\u00e7) olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc. \u00c7\u0131kan sonu\u00e7 g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7 derecede d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fc. Fark etmedi \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc toplam tonaj h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u201cmakul\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu form\u00fcldeki K sabiti evrensel de\u011fildir. Birim sistemleriyle de\u011fi\u015fir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc matematik; malzeme dayan\u0131m\u0131, geometrik oranlar ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm katsay\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bir araya getirir. Emperyal hava b\u00fckmede genellikle K yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,33\u2019t\u00fcr. Metrik form\u00fclasyonlarda sabit 1,42 civar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir \u2014 ancak bu, MPa, milimetre ve metrelerin belirli kombinasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 varsayar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130n\u00e7leri MPa ile veya milimetreleri psi ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rsan\u0131z, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir hata yapmazs\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Emin bir \u015fekilde sa\u00e7malars\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Basit bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n E\u011fer kal\u0131nl\u0131k 6 mm (\u22480,236 in\u00e7) ise ancak birisi in\u00e7 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek \u201c6\u201d girerse, karesi al\u0131nan terim \u015funa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Do\u011fru: [0,236\u00b2] \u2248 0,0557<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yanl\u0131\u015f (6 in\u00e7 varsay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda): [6\u00b2] = 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu bir yuvarlama hatas\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bu, denklemin geri kalan\u0131 daha tepki bile vermeden kuvvetin yakla\u015f\u0131k 646 kat artmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Birisi metrik bir \u00e7izelge de\u011ferini, sabiti ayarlamadan emperyal bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sayfas\u0131na kopyalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in alt kal\u0131plar\u0131n mantar gibi ezildi\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Makine \u015fikayet etmedi. Tak\u0131m etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Birimler sadece kay\u0131t tutma de\u011fildir. Onlar yap\u0131sal unsurlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00dcretime ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce birim sistemini do\u011frulay\u0131n, sabiti onaylay\u0131n ve ger\u00e7ek makine y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc tahmin edilen fit ba\u015f\u0131na ton de\u011feriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak k\u0131sa bir hurda b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Art\u0131k kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendisiyle nas\u0131l \u00e7arp\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kal\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kuvveti nas\u0131l b\u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n onu nas\u0131l \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirdi\u011fini ve sabitlerin birimlerle nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fcn\u00fcz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Form\u00fcl i\u015fe yarar; e\u011fer her girdi fiziksel ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi yans\u0131t\u0131yorsa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Peki, malzeme kalitesi ve kal\u0131p geometrisi temel denklemin yeterince g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc vurgulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekillerde etkile\u015fime girdi\u011finde ne olur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m bir at\u00f6lye, t\u00fcm hafta boyunca 3,0 in\u00e7lik V kal\u0131pta 3\/8 yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik i\u015fledi. Hesap makinesi 6 fit boyunca 55 ton dedi. Makine 90 tonluktu. Rahatt\u0131. Cuma \u00f6\u011fleden sonra 3\/8 paslanmaz \u00e7eli\u011fe ge\u00e7tiler ve \u201cyar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 dar tutmak i\u00e7in\u201d programa dokunmadan 2,0 in\u00e7lik V kal\u0131ba d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler. Ayn\u0131 b\u00fck\u00fcm uzunlu\u011fu. Ayn\u0131 kal\u0131nl\u0131k. Ayn\u0131 operat\u00f6r g\u00fcveni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ko\u00e7 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 indi ve y\u00fck g\u00f6stergesi, gaz pedal\u0131 tak\u0131l\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f bir takometre gibi y\u00fckseldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Temel form\u00fcl\u00fcn nerede eksik bilgi vererek yan\u0131ltmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmeniz i\u00e7in bunu ad\u0131m ad\u0131m inceleyelim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hava b\u00fckme tonaj\u0131, basitle\u015ftirilmi\u015f haliyle, \u015fu iskelet \u00fczerine kuruludur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kuvvet \u221d [\u00c7ekme Dayan\u0131m\u0131 \u00d7 t\u00b2 \u00d7 L] \u00f7 V<\/p>\n\n\n\n Burada \u00c7ekme Dayan\u0131m\u0131 = \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131, t = kal\u0131nl\u0131k, L = b\u00fck\u00fcm uzunlu\u011fu, V = kal\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eimdi ayn\u0131 anda iki \u015feyi de\u011fi\u015ftirin \u2014 t\u0131pk\u0131 ger\u00e7ek \u00fcretimde oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3\/8 in\u00e7 plaka al\u0131n: [t = 0.375] [t\u00b2] = 0.1406<\/p>\n\n\n\n 60.000 psi'de yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik, 6 ft b\u00fck\u00fcm, V = 3.0 in\u00e7:<\/p>\n\n\n\n [60.000 \u00d7 0.1406] = 8.436 Uzunluk fakt\u00f6r\u00fc ile \u00e7arp\u0131n (6 ft): [8.436 \u00d7 6] = 50.616 V'ye b\u00f6l\u00fcn: [50.616 \u00f7 3.0] \u2248 ft ba\u015f\u0131na 16.872 lb e\u015fde\u011feri. Sabit ve birim fakt\u00f6rleri hesaba kat\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra toplamda kabaca 51 ton diyelim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eimdi 85.000 psi'de paslanmaz \u00e7eli\u011fe ge\u00e7in ve V'yi 2.0 in\u00e7e d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcn:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cBiraz ekleme\u201d yapmad\u0131n\u0131z. Pay\u0131n etkisini art\u0131r\u0131rken paydan\u0131n etkisini neredeyse ikiye katlad\u0131n\u0131z. 50 tonda bo\u015fta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan makine, \u015fimdi geri esneme d\u00fczeltmesinden \u00f6nce 80 tonun \u00fczerini zorluyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Evrensel hesaplay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sizi yan\u0131ltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 nokta buras\u0131d\u0131r. Tek bir temiz \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 g\u00f6sterir; ancak ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnyada malzeme kalitesi ve kal\u0131p geometrisi birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hareket etmez. Birikirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ve biriktiklerinde, kal\u0131plar her bir poundu hisseder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Herhangi bir say\u0131ya g\u00fcvenmeden \u00f6nce, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcm partisinden bir hurda \u015ferit al\u0131n ve k\u0131sa bir test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n (k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Peki, o rahat 8\u00d7 kal\u0131nl\u0131k kural\u0131 bu karma\u015fan\u0131n neresine oturuyor?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir keresinde, ft ba\u015f\u0131na tonaj kontrol edilmeden 8\u00d7 kural\u0131na g\u00f6re fiyatland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 1\/2 in\u00e7lik bir plaka i\u015fi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcm. Tahminci, \u201c8\u00d7 yar\u0131m in\u00e7\u201d oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in 4 in\u00e7lik bir V se\u00e7mi\u015fti. Ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde d\u00fczenliydi. At\u00f6lyede ise abkant pres strok ortas\u0131nda emniyete ge\u00e7ti ve durdu. 25 ton eksiktik ve z\u0131mba omzu bu iyimserli\u011fin bedelini \u00f6dedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 8\u00d7 kural\u0131 \u015funu s\u00f6yler: V \u2248 8 \u00d7 t<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu bir geometri k\u0131sayoludur. Kuvvet garantisi de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Neden bu kadar s\u0131k i\u015fe yar\u0131yor? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc 11 gauge'den 1\/4 in\u00e7e kadar olan yayg\u0131n yumu\u015fak \u00e7elikler i\u00e7in 8\u00d7 V, genellikle i\u00e7 yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 1\u00d7 kal\u0131nl\u0131k civar\u0131nda ve tonaj\u0131 standart tablo varsay\u0131mlar\u0131 (tipik olarak 5\u00d7 ila 19\u00d7 kal\u0131nl\u0131k aral\u0131klar\u0131) i\u00e7inde tutar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak kal\u0131nl\u0131k nazik\u00e7e \u00f6l\u00e7eklenmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Unutmay\u0131n: kuvvet [t\u00b2] ile b\u00fcy\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ikiye katlay\u0131n: E\u011fer t, 2t olursa, [t\u00b2] 4t\u00b2 olur. Kuvvet kabaca d\u00f6rt kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1\/4 in\u00e7te: y\u00f6netilebilir. 1\/2 in\u00e7te: y\u00fck\u00fcn d\u00f6rt kat\u0131. 3\/4 in\u00e7te: 1\/4 in\u00e7teki y\u00fck\u00fcn dokuz kat\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 8\u00d7 kural\u0131, V'yi do\u011frusal olarak \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirir. Kuvvet, kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n karesiyle \u00f6l\u00e7eklenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015fte k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131 bu uyumsuzluktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcreticilerin \u00e7izelgeleri de bunu sessizce kabul ediyor; \u00e7o\u011fu tonaj hesaplay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 yaln\u0131zca belirli kal\u0131nl\u0131k aral\u0131klar\u0131 ve V oranlar\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlilik iddia eder. Daha kal\u0131n sac veya al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k derecede dar b\u00fck\u00fcm yar\u0131\u00e7aplar\u0131yla bu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, art\u0131k varsay\u0131mlar dahilinde b\u00fck\u00fcm yapm\u0131yorsunuz demektir. Tahmin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyorsunuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sac i\u015flerini 8\u00d7 k\u0131sayoluna g\u00f6re onaylamadan \u00f6nce, 12 in\u00e7lik bir hurda numune kesin ve se\u00e7ilen V de\u011ferinde ger\u00e7ek y\u00fck\u00fc g\u00f6zlemleyerek deneme b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n E\u011fer 8\u00d7 kutsal de\u011filse, malzeme kendi kendine de\u011fi\u015fti\u011finde nas\u0131l ayarlama yapars\u0131n\u0131z?<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cAma o i\u015fte teknik resimde A36 yaz\u0131yordu.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu ifade, k\u00f6t\u00fc matematikten daha fazla tak\u0131m\u0131 mahvetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Temel form\u00fcl bir \u00e7ekme mukavemeti varsayar. Bunu de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finizde, kuvvet neredeyse do\u011frudan onunla \u00f6l\u00e7eklenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n E\u011fer yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik referans de\u011feri = 60.000 psi ise, basit bir ilk ge\u00e7i\u015f \u00e7arpan\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Paslanmaz (\u2248 85.000 psi): [85.000 \u00f7 60.000] \u2248 1,42 \u2192 Yumu\u015fak \u00e7eli\u011fe g\u00f6re yakla\u015f\u0131k daha fazla tonaj bekleyin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Al\u00fcminyum 5052-H32 (\u2248 33.000 psi \u00e7ekme): [33.000 \u00f7 60.000] \u2248 0,55 \u2192 Tonaj\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131s\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 100.000 psi'de y\u00fcksek mukavemetli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7elik: [100.000 \u00f7 60.000] \u2248 1,67 \u2192 \u00dc\u00e7te iki daha fazla kuvvet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015fte temiz matematik budur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ger\u00e7eklik s\u00fcrt\u00fcnmeyi ekler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Paslanmaz \u00e7elik i\u015fleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda sertle\u015fir. Geri yaylanma artar. Operat\u00f6rler bunu telafi etmek i\u00e7in fazla b\u00fck\u00fcm yapar, bu da penetrasyonu art\u0131r\u0131r, bu da ger\u00e7ek temas bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 basit bir hava b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc varsay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden daha fazla art\u0131r\u0131r. 1,4\u00d7 \u00e7arpan uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrs\u00fcn\u00fcz. Uygulamada, a\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fczeltmesi i\u015fin i\u00e7ine girdi\u011finde tak\u0131mlara 1,5\u00d7 veya 1,6\u00d7 de\u011ferine daha yak\u0131n bir y\u00fck bindiriyor olabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Operat\u00f6r 304 paslanmazda a\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 tutturmak i\u00e7in tonaj\u0131 art\u0131rmaya devam etti\u011fi i\u00e7in par\u00e7al\u0131 bir z\u0131mban\u0131n birle\u015fim yerinden k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Hesaplay\u0131c\u0131 70 ton diyordu. Makine g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, d\u00fczeltme vuru\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda 85'e yak\u0131n zirveler g\u00f6steriyordu. Z\u0131mba, hesap tablosunun ne dedi\u011fini umursamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ve i\u015fte tuzak burada: bu \u00e7arpanlar, normal V oranlar\u0131 dahilinde hava b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 varsayar. Dar V, y\u00fcksek mukavemetli ala\u015f\u0131m ve derin penetrasyon, niyetiniz olsun ya da olmas\u0131n sizi tabana oturtma (bottoming) davran\u0131\u015f\u0131na iter. Bu tamamen farkl\u0131 bir kuvvet rejimidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu y\u00fczden \u00e7arpanlar\u0131 izin belgesi olarak de\u011fil, kalibrasyon fakt\u00f6rleri olarak de\u011ferlendirin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yeni bir ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 tam uzunlukta b\u00fckmeden \u00f6nce, k\u0131sa bir numune b\u00fck\u00fcn, makine g\u00f6stergesinden ger\u00e7ek y\u00fck\u00fc kaydedin ve tak\u0131mlara ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce bunu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ton\/ayak de\u011feriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n E\u011fer mukavemeti art\u0131rmak kuvveti katl\u0131yorsa, belki de sadece kal\u0131p a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7arak sistemi kand\u0131rabiliriz?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir s\u00fcperviz\u00f6r bana bir keresinde, \u201cV'yi a\u00e7. Bu tonaj\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr,\u201d demi\u015fti. Hakl\u0131yd\u0131 ama yine de yan\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Denkleme geri d\u00f6nersek:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kuvvet \u221d 1 \u00f7 V<\/p>\n\n\n\n V'yi 2.0 in\u00e7ten 3.0 in\u00e7e \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rsan\u0131z ve di\u011fer her \u015fey e\u015fit kal\u0131rsa:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Eski kuvvet terimi: [\u00f7 2.0] Yeni kuvvet terimi: [\u00f7 3.0]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu, y\u00fck\u00fcn geometri k\u0131sm\u0131nda 'l\u00fck bir azalma demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde, bir rahatlama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak hava b\u00fckmede i\u00e7 yar\u0131\u00e7ap, yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik i\u00e7in kabaca 0.16 \u00d7 V civar\u0131nda seyreder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yani:<\/p>\n\n\n\n V = 2.0 \u2192 \u0130Y \u2248 0.32 in\u00e7 V = 3.0 \u2192 \u0130Y \u2248 0.48 in\u00e7<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu, i\u00e7 yar\u0131\u00e7apta 'lik bir art\u0131\u015f demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n E\u011fer teknik resim dar bir k\u00f6\u015fe gerektiriyorsa, makine g\u00fcvenli\u011fini boyutsal uygunsuzlukla takas etmi\u015f oldunuz. \u015eimdi birisi yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltmek i\u00e7in kal\u0131b\u0131n i\u00e7ine daha derin girerek a\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 \u201ckand\u0131rmaya\u201d \u00e7al\u0131\u015facakt\u0131r. Daha derin penetrasyon temas kuvvetini art\u0131r\u0131r. Teorik tonaj d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc buharla\u015fmaya ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ayr\u0131ca daha geni\u015f V a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131, y\u00fck\u00fc kal\u0131p omuzlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. \u0130nce malzemede, \u00e7ok geni\u015f V a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u0131vr\u0131lmaya ve kontrol kayb\u0131na neden olabilir. Kal\u0131n plakada ise \u00e7ok dar V, kal\u0131p kenarlar\u0131ndaki bas\u0131nc\u0131 zirveye ta\u015f\u0131r ve \u00e7atlama riski yarat\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Alt kal\u0131b\u0131n, tonaj yanl\u0131\u015f hesapland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, birisi makine kapasitesinin alt\u0131nda kalmak i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek mukavemetli bir i\u015fte V'yi a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 tutturmak i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 penetrasyon yaparak y\u00fck yolunu kal\u0131p k\u00f6\u015felerine kayd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ikiye ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Geometri, g\u00f6sterge de\u011ferini kurtard\u0131. Ancak tak\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yani evet, V'yi art\u0131rmak hesaplanan tonaj\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131, geri esneme davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, b\u00fck\u00fcm hassasiyetini ve kuvvetin tak\u0131m \u00e7eli\u011fine nas\u0131l da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kal\u0131b\u0131n bir \u015feyi \u201ckurtard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d varsaymadan \u00f6nce, \u00f6nerilen V de\u011ferinde bir hurda b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n, i\u00e7 yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 penetrasyon olmadan a\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 do\u011frulay\u0131n ve ger\u00e7ek makine y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ton\/ayak de\u011feriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Art\u0131k kalitenin pay\u0131 nas\u0131l \u00e7arpt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve geometrinin payday\u0131 nas\u0131l b\u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve bunlar\u0131n birle\u015fti\u011finde ger\u00e7ek kuvvetinizi evrensel bir hesaplay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sessizce varsayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlerin ne kadar d\u0131\u015f\u0131na itebilece\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fcn\u00fcz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00fckme y\u00f6nteminin kendisi t\u00fcm kuvvet modelini de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finde ne olur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130kinci vardiyadaki bir \u00e7ocuk hesap makinesine 0,250 A36, 2,0 in\u00e7 V kanal\u0131, 10 fit uzunluk girdi. Ekran 62 ton dedi. Makine 100 tonluk bir hidrolik pres idi. Bolca kapasite pay\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130lk iki par\u00e7a haval\u0131 b\u00fck\u00fcmle gayet iyi b\u00fck\u00fcld\u00fc. Sonra s\u00fcperviz\u00f6r, \u201cDaha keskin a\u00e7\u0131 kontrol\u00fcne ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var. Tabana oturtun (bottoming),\u201d dedi.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ayn\u0131 malzeme. Ayn\u0131 kal\u0131p. Ayn\u0131 makine. Sadece y\u00f6ntem de\u011fi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc vuru\u015fta y\u00fck g\u00f6stergesi sorunsuz bir \u015fekilde y\u00fckselmedi. Aniden f\u0131rlad\u0131. Seksen. Doksan. Ram, bir kald\u0131r\u0131ma \u00e7arpm\u0131\u015f gibi duraksad\u0131. Alt kal\u0131b\u0131n omuz k\u0131sm\u0131ndan \u00e7atlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyduk. Dramatik bir patlama de\u011fildi. Sadece d\u00f6rt yollu bir kal\u0131ba ve bir haftal\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131klama yapma s\u00fcrecine mal olan bir \u00e7atlakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu, yanan soruya cevab\u0131n\u0131zd\u0131r: Haval\u0131 b\u00fckmeden tabana oturtmaya veya ezerek b\u00fckmeye ge\u00e7ti\u011finizde, ayn\u0131 denklemi ayarlam\u0131yor olursunuz. \u00c7eli\u011fin z\u0131mba ve kal\u0131p aras\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feyi de\u011fi\u015ftiriyorsunuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Haval\u0131 b\u00fckme, elastik-plastik \u015fekillendirmedir. Z\u0131mba, malzemeyi asla tamamen kal\u0131p bo\u015flu\u011funa zorlamaz. Sac, omuzlar \u00fczerinde y\u00fczer ve a\u00e7\u0131, giri\u015f derinli\u011fi ile kontrol edilir. Klasik form\u00fcl:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kuvvet \u2248 [K \u00d7 \u00c7ekme Dayan\u0131m\u0131 \u00d7 t\u00b2 \u00d7 Uzunluk] \u00f7 V<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu \u201c\u00f7 V\u201d terimi sizin tahliye vanan\u0131zd\u0131r. Kal\u0131b\u0131 a\u00e7arsan\u0131z kuvvet d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tabana oturtma (bottoming) bu tahliye vanas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Art\u0131k z\u0131mba, malzemeyi tam kal\u0131p temas\u0131na zorlar. Sac, kal\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na uymaya zorlan\u0131r. Temas alan\u0131 artar. S\u00fcrt\u00fcnme y\u00fckselir. Art\u0131k sadece iki omuz \u00fczerinde b\u00fck\u00fcm yapm\u0131yorsunuz; malzemeyi a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 y\u00fczeylere kar\u015f\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorsunuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00dcreticiler \u201cy\u00f6ntem fakt\u00f6rleri\u201d yay\u0131nlarlar; tabana oturtma i\u00e7in haval\u0131 b\u00fck\u00fcm tonaj\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 kat\u0131, ezerek b\u00fckme (coining) i\u00e7in ise 10 kat\u0131na kadar. Bu, sonunda ekledi\u011finiz bir \u00e7arpan gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6yle de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc fizik, b\u00fck\u00fclme a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 stresten basma a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 strese d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ezerek b\u00fckmede, z\u0131mba ucu n\u00f6tr ekseni ge\u00e7er ve b\u00fck\u00fcm hatt\u0131ndaki malzemeyi inceltir. T\u00fcm kesiti yerel olarak akmaya zorluyorsunuz. Bu, [t\u00b2] hassasiyetinizin art\u0131k sadece d\u0131\u015f lifteki gerilme de\u011fil, akma s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yakla\u015fan kal\u0131nl\u0131k boyunca basma gerilmesi ile birle\u015fti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Farkl\u0131 stres durumu. Farkl\u0131 hata modu. Farkl\u0131 risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Herhangi bir say\u0131ya g\u00fcvenmeden \u00f6nce, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcm partisinden bir hurda \u015ferit al\u0131n ve k\u0131sa bir test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n (k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Rakamlar\u0131 bir hesap makinesinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, sonra da \u00e7eli\u011fin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ral\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Haval\u0131 b\u00fckme durumu, varsay\u0131msal ama ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Geometri terimini basitle\u015ftirin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hava_b\u00fckme_kuvveti \u221d [60.000 \u00d7 (0,25)\u00b2 \u00d7 120] \u00f7 2,0 [t\u00b2] = 0,0625 Pay terimi \u2248 60.000 \u00d7 0,0625 \u00d7 120 = 60.000 \u00d7 7,5 = 450.000 (orant\u0131l\u0131 birimler) 2,0'a b\u00f6l\u00fcn \u2192 225.000<\/p>\n\n\n\n Buna \u201c1\u00d7\u201d deyin.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eimdi 5\u00d7 bir tabana oturtma (bottoming) fakt\u00f6r\u00fc uygulay\u0131n. 225.000 \u00d7 5 = 1.125.000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Basit g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Ayn\u0131 matematik, sadece \u00f6l\u00e7eklenmi\u015f hali.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak bunun gizledi\u011fi \u015fey \u015fu: hava b\u00fckmede kuvvet strokun dibine do\u011fru zirve yapar ve d\u00fc\u015fer. Tabana oturtmada ise tam y\u00fczey temas\u0131 geli\u015ftik\u00e7e kuvvet keskin bir \u015fekilde artmaya devam eder. Y\u00fck e\u011frinizin \u015fekli de\u011fi\u015fir. Zirve kuvveti, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 stroklara kar\u015f\u0131 hassas hale gelir \u2014 0,010 in\u00e7 daha derin bir b\u00fck\u00fcm k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir ayar de\u011fildir; temas zaten tam oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bas\u0131nc\u0131 dramatik bir \u015fekilde f\u0131rlatabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir operat\u00f6r tabana oturtma modunda yar\u0131m derecenin pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in par\u00e7al\u0131 bir z\u0131mban\u0131n ucunun mantar gibi ezildi\u011fini izledim. Ram derinli\u011fini her seferinde 0,004 in\u00e7 art\u0131rd\u0131. Her dokunu\u015f, z\u0131mba burnundaki bas\u0131n\u00e7 gerilimini tak\u0131m \u00e7eli\u011finin akma s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fana kadar biriktirdi. Hesap makinesi 90 ton diyordu. Y\u00fck h\u00fccresi daha sonra 110'un \u00fczerinde ge\u00e7ici zirveler g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu da ba\u015fka bir sessiz sorunu g\u00fcndeme getiriyor: makine ekranlar\u0131 yalan s\u00f6yler. Hidrolik bas\u0131n\u00e7tan tonaja d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler ideal ko\u015fullar\u0131 varsayar. Y\u00fck h\u00fccreleri ise ger\u00e7e\u011fi s\u00f6yler. Ekran ile ger\u00e7ek de\u011fer aras\u0131nda %8\u201312 fark g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Bu hatay\u0131 5\u00d7 y\u00f6ntem de\u011fi\u015fimiyle \u00e7arpt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, fark\u0131na bile varmadan tak\u0131m kapasitesini a\u015fars\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Peki ya tak\u0131m de\u011ferleri? 90\u00b0'de metre ba\u015f\u0131na 60 ton olarak i\u015faretlenmi\u015f bir kal\u0131p, 30\u00b0'de otomatik olarak metre ba\u015f\u0131na 60 ton de\u011fildir. Temas geometrisi izin verilen y\u00fck\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirir. At\u00f6lyelerin \u0130ngiliz uzun tonlar\u0131n\u0131 metrik tonlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p marjlar\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcklerini g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Yoktu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tabana oturtma ve ezerek b\u00fckme (coining), \u201chava b\u00fckme art\u0131 biraz daha fazlas\u0131\u201d de\u011fildir. Bunlar, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kurulum hatalar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frusal olmayan y\u00fck s\u0131\u00e7ramalar\u0131 yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuvvet y\u00fckseltme rejimleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tabana oturtmaya karar vermeden \u00f6nce, tam penetrasyonda 6 in\u00e7lik bir numuneyi b\u00fck\u00fcn, m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse bir y\u00fck h\u00fccresi ile zirve tonaj\u0131n\u0131 kaydedin ve bunu hem makine hem de ayak ba\u015f\u0131na tak\u0131m de\u011ferleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tekrarlanabilir a\u00e7\u0131lar istedi\u011finiz i\u00e7in tabana oturtmaya ge\u00e7ersiniz. Daha az geri yaylanma. Daha temiz k\u00f6\u015feler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hassasiyet kontroll\u00fc hissettirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak g\u00f6rmedi\u011finiz s\u0131n\u0131r \u015fudur: gerekli tabana oturtma tonaj\u0131, makine kapasitesinin veya ayak ba\u015f\u0131na kal\u0131p de\u011ferinin \u201380'ini a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u015fok marj\u0131 olmadan \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorsunuz demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Neden \u201380?<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ger\u00e7ek presler y\u00fck alt\u0131nda m\u00fckemmel derecede paralel de\u011fildir. Ram esnemesi, tabla esnemesi, malzeme kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 varyasyonu \u2014 hepsi yerel a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fck b\u00f6lgeleri yarat\u0131r. Genel hesaplaman\u0131z 100 tonluk bir makinede 95 ton diyorsa, o kal\u0131b\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc 110 tona e\u015fde\u011fer bir y\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fcyor olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir keresinde 3\/8 in\u00e7lik bir plaka i\u015fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda 4 yollu bir kal\u0131b\u0131n tam omuz yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131ndan ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Hesap makinesi tabana oturtma modunda 175 tonluk bir preste 140 ton \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u201cG\u00fcvenli.\u201d Ancak plaka geni\u015flik boyunca +0,015 in\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6steriyordu. [t\u00b2]'yi unutmay\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nominal t = 0,375 ise [t\u00b2] = 0,1406; Ger\u00e7ek t = 0,390 ise [t\u00b2] = 0,1521<\/p>\n\n\n\n Oran: 0,1521 \u00f7 0,1406 \u2248 1,08<\/p>\n\n\n\n %8'lik bir kal\u0131nl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131, tabana oturma (bottoming) amplifikasyonundan \u00f6nce kabaca %8 daha fazla b\u00fckme kuvveti \u00fcretti. \u015eimdi 5 katl\u0131k bir rejimi uygulay\u0131n. Bu yerel kal\u0131nl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131, bir kesiti kal\u0131p de\u011ferinin \u00f6tesine itti. \u00c7atlak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tabana oturma \u015fu durumlarda y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 hale gelir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sonuncusu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc oland\u0131r. Hava b\u00fckmede derinlik ayarlar\u0131 naziktir. Tabana oturtmada ise levye g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcrler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tam uzunlukta \u00fcretime ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce, tam derinlikte k\u0131sa bir tabana oturtma testi yap\u0131n, sac boyunca malzeme kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 mikrometre ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn ve tepe tonaj\u0131n\u0131n en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tak\u0131m derecesinin 'inin alt\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulay\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Madeni para basma caziptir. Geri esneme s\u0131f\u0131rd\u0131r. Keskin i\u00e7 yar\u0131\u00e7ap sa\u011flar. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 b\u00fckme matemati\u011fi olmadan a\u00e7\u0131 tam isabet olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak madeni para basma sadece b\u00fckmez. \u0130\u00e7 y\u00fczeyi akma s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde plastik olarak s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak malzemenin tepe noktas\u0131nda incelmesine neden olur. Bu, b\u00fckme hatt\u0131 boyunca basma akma dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 a\u015facak kadar y\u00fcksek bir temas bas\u0131nc\u0131 gerektirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015fte bu y\u00fczden tonaj, hava b\u00fckmenin 8-10 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6vdelere ve k\u0131sa strok kontrol\u00fcne sahip eski mekanik preslerde, belirli tekrar eden par\u00e7alar i\u00e7in madeni para basma mant\u0131kl\u0131yd\u0131. Makineler \u00f6rs gibi in\u015fa edilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Modern CNC hidrolik presler hassas, h\u0131zl\u0131 ve genellikle g\u00f6vde k\u00fctlesi olarak daha hafiftir. S\u00fcrekli tepe bas\u0131nc\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, hava b\u00fckme esnekli\u011fi i\u00e7in optimize edilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Peki madeni para basma ne zaman hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar?<\/p>\n\n\n\n E\u011fer hava b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcz 40 ton gerektiriyorsa ve s\u0131vama (coining) 200 ton gerektirecekse, kendinize \u015funu sorun: 400 tonluk bir makineniz ve buna uygun olarak derecelendirilmi\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131z var m\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n E\u011fer yoksa, z\u0131mba ve kal\u0131p aras\u0131ndaki o y\u00fckl\u00fc yay\u0131, ba\u015fka bir \u015fey enerjiyi serbest b\u0131rakana kadar s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorsunuz demektir; z\u0131mba ucunun k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, kal\u0131b\u0131n \u00e7atlamas\u0131 veya g\u00f6vdenin b\u00fck\u00fclmesi gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Y\u00fcksek mukavemetli \u00e7elik \u00fczerinde, z\u0131mba ucunun tek bir vardiyada d\u00fczle\u015fti\u011fi bir s\u0131vama i\u015fi g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. A\u00e7\u0131 m\u00fckemmeldi. Tak\u0131m ise \u00e7\u00f6p olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n S\u0131vama, varsay\u0131lan bir hassasiyet y\u00fckseltmesi de\u011fil, uzmanl\u0131k gerektiren bir i\u015flemdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n CNC abkant pres \u00fczerinde s\u0131vama yapmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeden \u00f6nce, k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta k\u0131sa, tek istasyonlu bir test \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n, ger\u00e7ek tepe tonaj\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn, z\u0131mba ucunu ve kal\u0131p omuzlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcte\u00e7 alt\u0131nda inceleyin ve bir sa\u011flaml\u0131k kontrol\u00fc olarak bu y\u00fck\u00fc makine nominal kapasitesinin 'si ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kuvvet y\u00f6ntemle \u00e7arp\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda soru \u201cHesap makinesi ne diyor?\u201d de\u011fildir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Soru \u015fudur: \u201c\u00d6nce ne k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r; matematik mi, tak\u0131m m\u0131, yoksa makine mi?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Prese veya tak\u0131ma zarar vermeden do\u011fru b\u00fck\u00fcm y\u00f6ntemini nas\u0131l se\u00e7ece\u011finizi soruyorsunuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015fe y\u00f6ntemle ba\u015flamazs\u0131n\u0131z. \u0130\u015fe, donan\u0131m\u0131n y\u00f6ntemin gerektirdi\u011fi y\u00fcke dayanabilece\u011fini kan\u0131tlayarak ba\u015flars\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cG\u00fcvenli\u201d bir 100 tonluk i\u015fte 10 fitlik bir kal\u0131b\u0131n ortadan esnedi\u011fini izledim. Hesap makinesi 82 ton gerektiriyordu. Pres 100 ton i\u00e7in derecelendirilmi\u015fti. Herkes rahatt\u0131. Ancak par\u00e7a sadece 18 in\u00e7 uzunlu\u011fundayd\u0131 ve merkezlenmi\u015fti. Bu da kabaca [82 ton \u00f7 1,5 fit \u2248 55 ton\/fit] anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Kal\u0131b\u0131n \u00fczerinde 40 ton\/fit damgas\u0131 vard\u0131. Kimse o damgaya bakmad\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc vuru\u015fta omuzlar a\u015f\u0131nmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Onuncusunda ise kal\u0131p kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak g\u00fcl\u00fcmser bir \u015fekil alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Matematik yanl\u0131\u015f de\u011fildi. Do\u011frulama eksikti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tonaj tek bir say\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bu bir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m problemidir; ne kadar uzunluk boyunca, hangi temas geometrisiyle, yata\u011f\u0131n hangi konumunda ne kadar kuvvet uygulanaca\u011f\u0131. Bu d\u00f6rd\u00fcn\u00fc yan\u0131tlamazsan\u0131z, sertle\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00e7elikle kumar oynuyorsunuz demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 100 tonluk bir abkant pres, merkez hatt\u0131ndaki nominal uzunlu\u011fu boyunca 100 ton anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu, bir fitlik tak\u0131ma 60 ton y\u00fck bindirip alk\u0131\u015f bekleyebilece\u011finiz anlam\u0131na gelmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hadi netle\u015ftirelim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Diyelim ki hava b\u00fck\u00fcm hesab\u0131n\u0131z 24 in\u00e7lik bir par\u00e7a i\u00e7in 60 ton veriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fit cinsinden uzunluk: [24 in\u00e7 \u00f7 12 = 2 fit] Fit ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fck: [60 ton \u00f7 2 fit = 30 ton\/fit]<\/p>\n\n\n\n E\u011fer kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131z 35 ton\/fit olarak derecelendirilmi\u015fse, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7indesiniz demektir. Sorun yok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eimdi bu par\u00e7ay\u0131 12 in\u00e7'e k\u0131salt\u0131n ancak malzemeyi ve V de\u011ferini ayn\u0131 tutun. Kuvvet, form\u00fcl uzunluk tabanl\u0131 olmad\u0131k\u00e7a yar\u0131ya inmez \u2014 ki \u00e7o\u011fu \u00f6yledir. Yani:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yeni uzunluk: [12 in\u00e7 \u00f7 12 = 1 fit] Yeni toplam tonaj: [60 \u00d7 (1 \u00f7 2) = 30 ton] Fit ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fck: [30 ton \u00f7 1 fit = 30 ton\/fit]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hala 30 ton\/fit. Hala g\u00fcvenli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Peki tuzak nerede?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tuzak, operat\u00f6rler par\u00e7alar\u0131 tek bir istasyonda \u201cistifledi\u011finde\u201d veya yeniden konumland\u0131rma yapmadan uzun bir kal\u0131pta k\u0131sa bir par\u00e7a \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir keresinde ikinci vardiyadaki bir \u00e7ocuk kontrol panelinde par\u00e7a uzunlu\u011funu 0 olarak girmi\u015fti. Makine varsay\u0131lan olarak merkez hatt\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fc hesaplamalar\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fc. 40 ton gerektiren 8 in\u00e7lik bir braket \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Bu da \u015fu demek:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Uzunluk: [8 in\u00e7 \u00f7 12 = 0,67 fit] Fit ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fck: [40 \u00f7 0,67 \u2248 60 ton\/fit]<\/p>\n\n\n\n 45 ton\/fit de\u011ferinde bir kal\u0131pta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Toplam makine kapasitesi? Sorun yok. Yerel kal\u0131p kapasitesi? a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kal\u0131p, \u00f6\u011fle yeme\u011finden \u00f6nce omuz yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131ndan \u00e7atlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fit ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fck ilk engeldir. Hesaplanan fit ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcz, en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck dereceli bile\u015fenin (z\u0131mba, kal\u0131p veya makinenin fit ba\u015f\u0131na limiti) \u00fczerindeyse, bununla tart\u0131\u015fmazs\u0131n\u0131z. Kal\u0131p geni\u015fli\u011fini, malzeme durumunu veya y\u00f6ntemi de\u011fi\u015ftirirsiniz. Herhangi bir say\u0131ya g\u00fcvenmeden \u00f6nce, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcmden bir hurda \u015ferit \u00e7ekin ve azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta k\u0131sa bir test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak kal\u0131p fit ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fckte hayatta kalsa bile, z\u0131mba ucunda tam olarak ne olur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kuvvet soyuttur. Tak\u0131mlar\u0131 k\u0131ran \u015fey bas\u0131n\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bas\u0131n\u00e7 = Kuvvet \u00f7 Temas Alan\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Keskin 0,030 in\u00e7lik bir z\u0131mba burnu, y\u00fck\u00fc dar bir hatta yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. 0,125 in\u00e7lik bir yar\u0131\u00e7ap ise y\u00fck\u00fc yayar. Ayn\u0131 tonaj. \u00c7ok farkl\u0131 stres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dipten b\u00fckmenin 36 in\u00e7lik bir par\u00e7ada 80 ton gerektirdi\u011fini varsayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Uzunluk: [36 in\u00e7 \u00f7 12 = 3 fit] Fit ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fck: [80 \u00f7 3 \u2248 26,7 ton\/fit]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Zarars\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eimdi z\u0131mba uzunlu\u011funun bir in\u00e7ine odaklan\u0131n. O bir in\u00e7 \u015funlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n [26,7 ton\/ft \u00f7 12 in\/ft \u2248 2,22 ton\/in\u00e7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Pound cinsine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcn: [2,22 \u00d7 2000 \u2248 4.440 lb\/in\u00e7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tabana oturtma s\u0131ras\u0131nda z\u0131mba ucu temas geni\u015fli\u011finiz yakla\u015f\u0131k 0,020 in\u00e7 ise, in\u00e7 ba\u015f\u0131na temas alan\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n [1 in\u00e7 \u00d7 0,020 in\u00e7 = 0,020 in\u00e7\u00b2]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Temas bas\u0131nc\u0131: [4.440 lb \u00f7 0,020 in\u00e7\u00b2 = 222.000 psi]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu, gerilme y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmalar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bir\u00e7ok tak\u0131m \u00e7eli\u011finin basma alt\u0131ndaki akma dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerindedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir keresinde, paslanmaz \u00e7eli\u011fi tabana oturtmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan hassas ta\u015flanm\u0131\u015f keskin bir z\u0131mba g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcm \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201chesap makinesi 75 ton diyordu ve pres 120 ton.\u201d Vardiyan\u0131n ortas\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, z\u0131mba ucu 0,005 in\u00e7 d\u00fczle\u015fmi\u015fti. A\u00e7\u0131lar kayd\u0131. Par\u00e7alar tolerans d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kald\u0131. Tak\u0131m genel olarak a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fcklenmemi\u015fti; yerel olarak ezilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak o i\u015fte teknik resimde \u201cA36\u201d yaz\u0131yordu ve sat\u0131n almac\u0131 sessizce daha y\u00fcksek mukavemetli, asitlenmi\u015f ve ya\u011flanm\u0131\u015f malzeme ile de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015fti. \u00c7ekme mukavemeti artt\u0131. Gerekli kuvvet artt\u0131. Temas bas\u0131nc\u0131 artt\u0131. Aradaki fark\u0131 z\u0131mba \u00f6dedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu y\u00fczden kuvveti art\u0131ran bir y\u00f6ntem (tabana oturtma veya madeni para basma\/coining) se\u00e7ti\u011finizde, sadece tonaj\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olmazs\u0131n\u0131z. Sistemdeki en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck geometrik \u00f6zellik \u00fczerindeki temas gerilimini de art\u0131r\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Z\u0131mba \u00fcreticisinin tabana oturtma veya madeni para basma i\u00e7in \u00f6zel derecelendirmelerini kontrol edin. E\u011fer hi\u00e7biri listelenmemi\u015fse, sadece hava b\u00fckme (air-bend) de\u011ferlerini esas al\u0131n. Ard\u0131ndan, ilk birka\u00e7 vuru\u015ftan sonra z\u0131mba ucunu b\u00fcy\u00fcte\u00e7 alt\u0131nda inceleyerek k\u0131sa boylu, tam derinlikli bir testle bunu kan\u0131tlay\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Z\u0131mba ve kal\u0131p de\u011ferleri uygun olsa bile, bu kuvvetin makine g\u00f6vdesinin neresinde durdu\u011fu sorusunu hala yan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015f de\u011filsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7o\u011fu operat\u00f6r etikete bakar: \u201c175 TON.\u201d Bu say\u0131 genellikle g\u00f6vdeler aras\u0131ndaki belirli bir mesafede, merkez hatt\u0131nda ve y\u00fck e\u015fit olarak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Makinenizin bir tonaj e\u011frisi vard\u0131r; bu, tabla \u00fczerindeki konuma g\u00f6re izin verilen y\u00fck\u00fc g\u00f6steren bir \u00e7izelgedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 10 fitlik, 175 tonluk bir presin merkezdeki 6 fitte tam kapasiteye sahip oldu\u011funu, ancak merkezden 2 fit uzakta sadece kapasiteye sahip oldu\u011funu hayal edin. E\u011fer arka dayama parmaklar\u0131n\u0131 temizlemek i\u00e7in 4 fitlik bir i\u015fi sa\u011f g\u00f6vdenin yak\u0131n\u0131na park ederseniz, sadece \u015funa sahip olabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n [175 \u00d7 0,60 \u2248 o konumda 105 ton izin verilebilir]<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eimdi bunu fit ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fck ile birle\u015ftirin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tabana oturtma hesaplaman\u0131z\u0131n (fit ba\u015f\u0131na do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f) 4 fit \u00fczerinde 100 ton gerektirdi\u011fini varsayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fit ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fck: [100 \u00f7 4 = 25 ton\/ft]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tak\u0131m derecelendirmesi? \u0130yi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Makine etiketi mi? Pekala.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak izin verilenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, merkezden uzak bir konuma yerle\u015ftirildi\u011finde toplam ~105 tonluk bir y\u00fck s\u00f6z konusudur, yani 5 tonluk bir genel marj\u0131n\u0131z var. Bu, %5'in alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ram sapmas\u0131, kal\u0131nl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fimi veya bizzat y\u00fck h\u00fccreleriyle \u00f6l\u00e7t\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm 'luk bir g\u00f6sterge hatas\u0131, sizi yap\u0131sal s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n \u00fczerine iter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yan \u00e7er\u00e7evelerin paralelli\u011fi birka\u00e7 binde bir oran\u0131nda bozacak kadar esnedi\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Dramatik de\u011fil. Sadece pahal\u0131 ve kal\u0131c\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tonaj e\u011frisi, izin verilen y\u00fck\u00fc konum ve uzunlu\u011fun bir fonksiyonu olarak size s\u00f6yler. Dekoratif de\u011fildir. Hesaplanan gereksiniminiz, o tam konum ve a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131ktaki izin verilen tonaj\u0131n \u201380'ini a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u015fok marj\u0131 olmadan \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorsunuz demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Do\u011frulama \u015funlar\u0131 ifade eder:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bunlardan herhangi biri ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olursa, \u201cdikkatli \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r\u0131m\u201d demezsiniz. Kurulumu de\u011fi\u015ftirirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u00fck da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, temas gerilimini ve \u00e7er\u00e7eve kapasitesini do\u011frulad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, hava b\u00fckme, tabana oturtma veya ezerek b\u00fckme (coining) aras\u0131nda se\u00e7im yapmak tahmin y\u00fcr\u00fctmekten \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu bir m\u00fchendislik karar\u0131 haline gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ve bir sonraki ad\u0131mda yapaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015fey de bu olacak; ger\u00e7ek bir i\u015fi al\u0131p form\u00fclden do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f, hayatta kalabilir bir kuruluma, tek bir tak\u0131m\u0131 bile \u00e7atlatmadan g\u00f6t\u00fcrece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Elinizde bir bask\u0131, bir y\u0131\u011f\u0131n plaka ve size g\u00fcvende oldu\u011funuzu s\u00f6yleyen bir hesap makinesi var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015fte bu g\u00fcveni \u015farapnele d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmekten nas\u0131l ka\u00e7\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015fin varsay\u0131msal ama ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i oldu\u011funu varsayal\u0131m: Malzeme \u201cyumu\u015fak \u00e7elik\u201d olarak belirtilmi\u015f, kal\u0131nl\u0131k 0,250 in\u00e7, b\u00fck\u00fcm uzunlu\u011fu 36 in\u00e7, 90\u00b0 b\u00fck\u00fcm, i\u00e7 yar\u0131\u00e7ap belirtilmemi\u015f. Pakette de\u011firmen sertifikas\u0131 yok. Makine 150 tonluk, 10 fitlik bir abkant pres. Tak\u0131m odas\u0131nda 35 ton\/fit de\u011ferinde 2,0 in\u00e7lik bir V kal\u0131p ve 20 ton\/fit de\u011ferinde 3,0 in\u00e7lik bir V kal\u0131p var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu, kendi ipinizi \u00e7ekmeniz i\u00e7in yeterli halat demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bunu cehaletten, kendi maa\u015f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 emanet edebilece\u011finiz bir kuruluma ta\u015f\u0131yaca\u011f\u0131z ve hesap makinesinin de\u011fil, tak\u0131m s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n hangi y\u00f6ntemin hayatta kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemesine izin verece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n De\u011firmen sertifikas\u0131 eksik oldu\u011funda, hi\u00e7bir \u015feyi iyimser varsaymazs\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cYumu\u015fak \u00e7elik\u201d 36 ksi akma dayan\u0131m\u0131nda olabilir. 50+ da olabilir. Bu fark ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde dramatik g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyebilir, ancak b\u00fckme kuvveti \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 neredeyse do\u011frusal olarak, kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise do\u011frusal olmayan bir \u015fekilde takip eder. Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karmak, tonaj\u0131 kabaca d\u00f6rt kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden 0,250 in\u00e7 \u00fczerindeki birka\u00e7 binde birlik fark, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fczden daha \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015fe tedbirli ba\u015flar\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n hava b\u00fckme temel form\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n [Ton\/ft] = [K \u00d7 (Kal\u0131nl\u0131k\u00b2)] \u00f7 V<\/p>\n\n\n\n Burada: K = malzeme sabiti (standart bir yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik temeli kullanaca\u011f\u0131z) Kal\u0131nl\u0131k = 0,250 in\u00e7 V = kal\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n Pratik kural V \u2248 8 \u00d7 kal\u0131nl\u0131k oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yani:<\/p>\n\n\n\n V \u2248 [8 \u00d7 0,250 = 2,0 in\u00e7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00fczel. Asl\u0131nda elimizde 2,0 in\u00e7lik bir kal\u0131p var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eimdi orant\u0131l\u0131 tonaj\u0131 hesaplay\u0131n (a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 temel):<\/p>\n\n\n\n [Kal\u0131nl\u0131k\u00b2] = [0,250\u00b2 = 0,0625] V'ye b\u00f6l\u00fcn: [0,0625 \u00f7 2,0 = 0,03125]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kuvveti belirleyen \u015fey bu orand\u0131r. V'yi daralt\u0131rsan\u0131z kuvvet f\u0131rlar. V'yi gev\u015fetirseniz h\u0131zla d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Malzeme sabiti ile \u00e7arp\u0131n ve 2,0 in\u00e7lik bir V i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ek A36 i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k 20\u201325 ton\/ft civar\u0131nda bir de\u011fer elde ederiz. 3 ft \u00fczerinde:<\/p>\n\n\n\n [24 ton\/ft \u00d7 3 ft = 72 ton toplam varsayal\u0131m]<\/p>\n\n\n\n 150 tonluk bir makinede bu g\u00fcvenli hissettirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015fte tuzak burada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Y\u0131llar \u00f6nce, s\u0131cak bir partiden gelen ve mikrometrede 0,265 in\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen \u201c\u00e7eyrek in\u00e7lik yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik\u201d i\u015flemi\u015ftik. Operat\u00f6r etikete g\u00fcvendi. Ger\u00e7ek kal\u0131nl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fimi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n [0,265\u00b2 = 0,0702] 0,0625 temel de\u011feriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n. Oran art\u0131\u015f\u0131: [0,0702 \u00f7 0,0625 \u2248 1,12]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sadece kal\u0131nl\u0131ktan dolay\u0131 y\u00fczde on iki daha fazla. \u00c7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131 da daha y\u00fcksekti. Nihai kuvvet tahminden neredeyse fazlayd\u0131. 4 yollu kal\u0131p, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc vuru\u015fta omuz k\u0131sm\u0131ndan \u00e7atlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7elik, enerjiyi bir yay gibi depolar. Yanl\u0131\u015f varsay\u0131mlarla ona a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bask\u0131 uygularsan\u0131z, bu enerjiyi y\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki en zay\u0131f y\u00fczeye bo\u015falt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Temel de\u011fer belirlendi, ancak bu sadece bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 yay \u00f6n y\u00fcklemesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Herhangi bir say\u0131ya g\u00fcvenmeden \u00f6nce, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcm partisinden bir hurda \u015ferit al\u0131n ve k\u0131sa bir test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n (k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta).<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eimdi temel de\u011feri zorlayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6nce b\u00fck\u00fcm uzunlu\u011fu. Elimizde 36 in\u00e7 var:<\/p>\n\n\n\n [36 in\u00e7 \u00f7 12 = 3 fit]<\/p>\n\n\n\n E\u011fer temel de\u011fer fit ba\u015f\u0131na 24 ton ise, toplam:<\/p>\n\n\n\n [24 \u00d7 3 = 72 ton]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Peki ya \u00e7elik 36 ksi de\u011filse? Diyelim ki 50 ksi malzeme gibi davran\u0131yor; egzotik de\u011fil, sadece daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc s\u0131cak haddelenmi\u015f \u00e7elik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Malzeme \u00e7arpan\u0131 \u2248 [50 \u00f7 36 \u2248 1,39]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ayarlanm\u0131\u015f fit ba\u015f\u0131na ton:<\/p>\n\n\n\n [24 \u00d7 1,39 \u2248 33 ton\/fit]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Toplam:<\/p>\n\n\n\n [33 \u00d7 3 \u2248 99 ton]<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eu anda 100 tona yakla\u015f\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ne oldu\u011funa dikkat edin. Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmedik. Kal\u0131b\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmedik. Sadece mukavemeti d\u00fczelttik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ve kal\u0131p, hesap makinesinin ne varsayd\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilgilenmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015fte geometrik p\u00fcf noktas\u0131. Birisi \u201cdaha keskin bir yar\u0131\u00e7ap i\u00e7in s\u0131k\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmaya\u201d karar verirse ve 1,5 in\u00e7lik bir V kal\u0131b\u0131na ge\u00e7erse, tonaj V ile ters orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Temel oran de\u011fi\u015fimi: [2,0 \u00f7 1,5 \u2248 1,33]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yani:<\/p>\n\n\n\n [33 ton\/fit \u00d7 1,33 \u2248 44 ton\/fit]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Toplam:<\/p>\n\n\n\n [44 \u00d7 3 \u2248 132 ton]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ayn\u0131 plaka. Ayn\u0131 b\u00fck\u00fcm uzunlu\u011fu. Sadece daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc malzeme ve daha dar bir kal\u0131p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir keresinde bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun, a\u00e7\u0131 geri a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in tam olarak bu de\u011fi\u015fimi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 izlemi\u015ftim. Yeniden hesaplama yapmad\u0131. Y\u00fck g\u00f6stergesi, gaz pedal\u0131 tak\u0131l\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f bir takometre gibi y\u00fckseldi. 120 tonda durduk. Kal\u0131p \u00e7atlamad\u0131; esnedi. 3 fit boyunca kal\u0131c\u0131 bir g\u00fcl\u00fcmseme olu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015fte bu y\u00fczden sadece \u201cmalzeme \u00e7arpan\u0131\u201d yeterli de\u011fildir. Kal\u0131p geometrisi denkleme hakimdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tam uzunlu\u011fa ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce, se\u00e7ti\u011finiz ger\u00e7ek kal\u0131pta 6 in\u00e7lik bir test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n ve a\u00e7\u0131ya yakla\u015f\u0131rken y\u00fck e\u011frisini izleyin. E\u011fer e\u011fim derinli\u011fe yakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a keskin bir \u015fekilde dikle\u015fiyorsa, sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan daha \u00e7ok tabana yakla\u015f\u0131yorsunuz demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eimdi yukar\u0131daki en k\u00f6t\u00fc olas\u0131 senaryoyu ele alal\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2248 3 fit boyunca 1,5 in\u00e7 V kal\u0131pta 44 ton\/fit = toplam 132 ton<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015fe tak\u0131mlarla ba\u015flay\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n E\u011fer 2,0 in\u00e7lik kal\u0131p 35 ton\/fit de\u011ferindeyse, daha dar olan 1,5 in\u00e7lik kal\u0131p daha y\u00fcksek bir de\u011fere sahip olmayacakt\u0131r. \u00d6rnek olmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan 30 ton\/fit de\u011ferini varsayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gereken de\u011ferimiz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n 44 ton\/fit Kal\u0131p de\u011feri:<\/p>\n\n\n\n 30 ton\/fit<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu 'lik bir a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fckleme demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Makinenin 150 ton basabilmesinin bir \u00f6nemi yok. Kal\u0131p basamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu y\u00fczden 2,0 in\u00e7lik V kal\u0131ba geri d\u00f6n\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2,0 in\u00e7lik V kal\u0131p ile en k\u00f6t\u00fc olas\u0131 senaryoyu tekrar \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ral\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n 33 ton\/fit (daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc malzeme durumu) Kal\u0131p de\u011feri: 35 ton\/fit<\/p>\n\n\n\n Pay:<\/p>\n\n\n\n [35 \u2212 33 = 2 ton\/fit]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu \u00e7ok ince bir pay. 3 fit boyunca k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sapmalar birikir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eimdi makine konumunu kontrol edin. Se\u00e7ilen yatak konumunda izin verilebilir y\u00fck\u00fcn 140 ton oldu\u011funu varsayal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gerekli toplam: 99 ton (sa\u011flam malzeme, 2.0 in\u00e7 V kal\u0131p)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Makine pay\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n [140 \u2212 99 = 41 ton] Yakla\u015f\u0131k<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu kabul edilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fit ba\u015f\u0131na tak\u0131m pay\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n [35 \u2212 33 = 2 ton\/ft] \u2248 %6 pay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Benim zevkime g\u00f6re \u00e7ok dar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Y\u00f6ntem karar\u0131n\u0131n zorunlu hale geldi\u011fi nokta buras\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n E\u011fer 2.0 in\u00e7 V kal\u0131pta hava b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc bizi 35 ton\/ft alt\u0131nda tutuyorsa, orada kal\u0131r\u0131z. Tabana oturtma (bottoming) kuvveti bunun \u00e7ok \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rd\u0131. Madeni para basar gibi b\u00fckme (coining) ise pervas\u0131zca olurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Daha az geri esneme istedi\u011fimiz i\u00e7in tabana oturtmay\u0131 se\u00e7miyoruz. Tak\u0131m de\u011ferleri gerektirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in hava b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc se\u00e7iyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir keresinde, s\u0131rf \u201cpresin kapasitesi var\u201d diye sadece hava b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in derecelendirilmi\u015f bir kal\u0131pta 1\/4 in\u00e7 plakay\u0131 tabana oturtan bir ekip g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcm. Vardiya ortas\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, z\u0131mba burnu boydan boya mikro \u00e7atlaklar olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu. A\u00e7\u0131lar 1,5 derece kaym\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Tak\u0131m, e\u011fik \u0131\u015f\u0131kta bakana kadar iyi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. O i\u015f, yeni bir z\u0131mban\u0131n masraf\u0131na mal oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00f6ylece g\u00fcvenli kurulumumuz \u015fu \u015fekilde oluyor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131za dikkat edin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hesap makinesi bize bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 say\u0131s\u0131 verdi. Kal\u0131p derecesi y\u00f6ntemi belirledi. Makine e\u011frisi konumu belirledi. Malzeme belirsizli\u011fi bir \u00e7arpan\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131. Test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu statik bir tonaj cevab\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu, kontrol alt\u0131ndaki bir sistemdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Art\u0131k do\u011fru soruyu soruyorsunuz: E\u011fer varyasyon ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazsa, buna dayanacak marjlar\u0131 nas\u0131l olu\u015fturursunuz?<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00fczel. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7o\u011fu at\u00f6lyenin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyi b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 nokta buras\u0131d\u0131r. Bir say\u0131 al\u0131rlar, kontrolde ye\u015fil \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcrler ve par\u00e7a basmaya ba\u015flarlar. 90 tonluk bir i\u015fin, ikinci vardiyadaki bir \u00e7ocuk kurulum sayfas\u0131na 0.250 yerine 0 girdi\u011fi ve kimse yeni paletteki kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeniden do\u011frulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in 110 tonluk bir ger\u00e7e\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc izledim. Kal\u0131p patlamad\u0131. Sadece iki g\u00fcn sonra omuz k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndan \u00e7atlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Marjlar \u201cekledi\u011finiz\u201d bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Onlar, kan\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z \u015feylerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ve bu kan\u0131t zihinsel bir de\u011fi\u015fimle ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7evrimi\u00e7i bir hesap makinesi, se\u00e7medi\u011finiz bir varsay\u0131m y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131na dayal\u0131 bir tonaj verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7o\u011fu malzeme sabitini gizler. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 575 kullan\u0131r. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 650 kullan\u0131r. Bu, ger\u00e7ek \u00e7elikten bahsetmeden \u00f6nce bile 'l\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fim demektir. Temel de\u011feriniz 24 ton\/ft ise, \u015fudur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n [24 \u00d7 0,13 \u2248 3,1 ton\/ft]<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3 ft \u00fczerinde:<\/p>\n\n\n\n [3,1 \u00d7 3 \u2248 9 ton]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dokuz ton, \u201crahat\u201d olmak ile \u201co kal\u0131p neden \u00f6t\u00fcyor?\u201d aras\u0131ndaki farkt\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak o i\u015fte, bask\u0131da \u201cA36\u201d yaz\u0131yordu. Sac y\u00fcksek mukavemetli geldi. Ayn\u0131 kal\u0131nl\u0131k. Ayn\u0131 V. Farkl\u0131 ger\u00e7eklik. Form\u00fcl yalan s\u00f6ylemedi; sadece varsay\u0131mda bulundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015fte ileriye ta\u015f\u0131man\u0131z\u0131 istedi\u011fim bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131: hesap makinesinin i\u015fi kesinlik sa\u011flamak de\u011fil, hassasiyeti ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmakt\u0131r. Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 %5 de\u011fi\u015ftirin. Karesel terim nedeniyle tonaj\u0131n f\u0131rlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 izleyin. V'yi 8\u00d7 kal\u0131nl\u0131ktan 6\u00d7 kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa de\u011fi\u015ftirin. Ters orant\u0131 nedeniyle y\u00fckseli\u015fini izleyin. Tek bir cevap aram\u0131yorsunuz. Kurulumunuzun k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hatalara kar\u015f\u0131 ne kadar k\u0131r\u0131lgan oldu\u011funu haritaland\u0131r\u0131yorsunuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n E\u011fer 0,015 in\u00e7lik bir kal\u0131nl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fimi veya 0,5 in\u00e7lik bir kal\u0131p de\u011fi\u015fimi sizi tak\u0131m derecesinin yak\u0131n\u0131na itiyorsa, bir kurulumunuz yok; bir kumar\u0131n\u0131z var demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Herhangi bir say\u0131ya g\u00fcvenmeden \u00f6nce, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcm partisinden bir hurda \u015ferit al\u0131n ve k\u0131sa bir test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n (k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Peki, presin arkas\u0131nda \u00e7elik y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmaya ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce tam olarak neyi do\u011frulars\u0131n\u0131z?<\/p>\n\n\n\n K\u00e2r marj\u0131n\u0131, bir makine taban\u0131n\u0131 in\u015fa etti\u011finiz gibi in\u015fa edersiniz; yani temelden yukar\u0131ya do\u011fru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. Ger\u00e7ek kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn.<\/strong> Etiketi de\u011fil. Sat\u0131n alma sipari\u015fini de\u011fil. Mikrometre ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nominal de\u011fer 0,250 ise ve siz 0,265 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcyorsan\u0131z:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Temel kuvvet oran\u0131 = [0,265\u00b2 \u00f7 0,250\u00b2] = [0,0702 \u00f7 0,0625 \u2248 1,12]<\/p>\n\n\n\n 0,015 in\u00e7ten kaynaklanan y\u00fczde on iki daha fazla kuvvet. Bu, karesel ili\u015fkinin sessizce verdi\u011fi zarard\u0131r. Kal\u0131nl\u0131k, t\u00fcm denklemdeki en y\u00fcksek kald\u0131ra\u00e7 etkisine sahip de\u011fi\u015fkendir. Ona hak etti\u011fi de\u011feri verin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. Kal\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7lanan de\u011ferle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak do\u011frulay\u0131n.<\/strong> Genel kural, V \u2248 8 \u00d7 kal\u0131nl\u0131k oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Bu bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 geometrisidir, yasa de\u011fil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n E\u011fer V de\u011ferini 2,0 in\u00e7ten 1,5 in\u00e7e d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcrseniz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kuvvet oran\u0131 = [2,0 \u00f7 1,5 \u2248 1,33]<\/p>\n\n\n\n Y\u00fczde otuz \u00fc\u00e7 art\u0131\u015f. Malzeme de\u011fi\u015fimi yok. Uzunluk de\u011fi\u015fimi yok. Sadece geometri. Bir keresinde bir ustaba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, yeniden hesaplama yapmadan 5\/16 plaka \u00fczerinde \u201cyar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 keskinle\u015ftirdi\u011fine\u201d \u015fahit oldum. \u00d6\u011fle yeme\u011fine kadar z\u0131mba burnunda t\u0131rna\u011f\u0131n\u0131zla hissedebilece\u011finiz k\u0131lcal \u00e7atlaklar olu\u015fmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n E\u011fer kal\u0131p kapasiteniz 35 ton\/ft ise ve en k\u00f6t\u00fc ihtimal hesaplaman\u0131z 33 ton\/ft diyorsa, a\u015f\u0131nma ve parti de\u011fi\u015fkenli\u011fi devreye girdi\u011finde o 2 tonluk marj bir hayalden ibarettir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. \u00d6nce ayak ba\u015f\u0131na tak\u0131m kapasitesini, ikinci olarak makine kapasitesini \u00e7apraz kontrol edin.<\/strong> Gerekli y\u00fck 30 ton\/ft ise ve kal\u0131p 28 ton\/ft kapasiteye sahipse, durursunuz. Presin 200 ton olmas\u0131 umurumda de\u011fil. Tak\u0131mlar yerel olarak bozulur. Makineler ise genel olarak bozulur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ard\u0131ndan, ger\u00e7ek b\u00fck\u00fcm uzunlu\u011funda ve konumunda makine kapasitesini kontrol edin. 100 tonluk bir abkant pres, tabla boyunca her yerde 100 ton de\u011fildir. Toplam gereksiniminizin, o a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131ktaki nominal kapasitenin en az \u201330 alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funu do\u011frulay\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gerekli toplam: 80 ton Konumdaki makine kapasitesi: 110 ton Marj: [(110 \u2212 80) \u00f7 80 \u2248 0,375 = ,5]<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eimdi rahat bir nefes alabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4. Azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta bir test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n ve y\u00fck e\u011frisini izleyin.<\/strong> Sadece a\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 de\u011fil. Y\u00fck e\u011frisini. E\u011fer tonaj hava b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fcnde d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde y\u00fckselip dengeleniyorsa, sorun yok. E\u011fer alt noktaya yak\u0131n bir yerde aniden y\u00fckseliyorsa, isteseniz de istemeseniz de tabana vurmaya (bottoming) do\u011fru kay\u0131yorsunuz demektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Herhangi bir say\u0131ya g\u00fcvenmeden \u00f6nce, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcm partisinden bir hurda \u015ferit al\u0131n ve k\u0131sa bir test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131n (k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Belirsizli\u011fi, parmaklar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7apraz yap\u0131p \u015fans dilemek yerine s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir riske d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmenin yolu budur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Peki ya gelecek ay ayn\u0131 par\u00e7a geri geldi\u011finde ve kimse neden o 2.0 V de\u011ferini se\u00e7ti\u011finizi hat\u0131rlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ne olacak?<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015fte profesyonellerin sadece d\u00fc\u011fmeye basanlardan ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 nokta buras\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hesap makinesindeki say\u0131y\u0131 belgelemezsiniz. Karar\u0131 y\u00f6nlendiren k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 belgelersiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eunlar\u0131 not edin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu sayfa, gelecekteki marj haritan\u0131z olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Y\u0131llar \u00f6nce \u201ckolay olmas\u0131 gereken\u201d bir braket i\u015fini tekrar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Hi\u00e7 not yoktu. Yeni operat\u00f6r geri yaylanmay\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in daha dar bir V se\u00e7ti. Kimse orijinal kal\u0131b\u0131n sadece marj\u0131 oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlamad\u0131. Vardiya sonunda alt kal\u0131b\u0131n orta k\u0131sm\u0131nda kal\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc olu\u015fmu\u015ftu. Ayn\u0131 par\u00e7a numaras\u0131. Farkl\u0131 sonu\u00e7. Belgelemenin n\u00f6bet tutmas\u0131 gereken yerde haf\u0131za ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Karar mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belgeledi\u011finizde, bir sonraki kurulum iyimserlikle de\u011fil, s\u0131n\u0131rlarla ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ve i\u015fte yan\u0131n\u0131za alman\u0131z\u0131 istedi\u011fim tek bir \u015fey var \u2014 bariz olmayan k\u0131s\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tonaj marj\u0131, sona ekledi\u011finiz bir y\u00fczde de\u011fildir. Kal\u0131nl\u0131k, mukavemet, V a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131, uzunluk gibi her hassas de\u011fi\u015fkeni sistemdeki en zay\u0131f bile\u015fene kar\u015f\u0131 stres testine tabi tuttuktan sonra kalan kapasitedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tam tonaj\u0131 tahmin etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yorsunuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya her girdiyi ayn\u0131 anda yanl\u0131\u015f y\u00f6ne do\u011fru itti\u011finde bile, sistemdeki hi\u00e7bir \u015feyin k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131na yak\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorsunuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hesap makinesi kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ile kendine g\u00fcvenen bir do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki fark budur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Geriye kalan tek soru \u015fu: Varyasyon sizin lehinize de\u011fil de aleyhinize i\u015fledi\u011finde, kurulumunuz bunu absorbe mi edecek, yoksa a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir yay gibi odadaki en pahal\u0131 \u00e7elik par\u00e7as\u0131na m\u0131 bo\u015faltacak?<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0130kinci vardiyadaki bir \u00e7ocuk, \u015firketin parlak \u201ctek t\u0131kla\u201d hesap makinesine 0,250 in\u00e7lik yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik verilerini girdi. Sonu\u00e7 olarak 82 ton \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Makine 100 ton i\u00e7in derecelendirilmi\u015fti. Ye\u015fil \u0131\u015f\u0131k yand\u0131. \u0130lk b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fcn yar\u0131s\u0131nda, at\u00f6lye zemini sanki birisi bir \u00f6rs d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f gibi sars\u0131ld\u0131. 4 yollu kal\u0131p omuz k\u0131sm\u0131ndan ayr\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7entik almad\u0131. \u0130kiye ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Be\u015f tane s\u00fcp\u00fcrd\u00fck [\u2026]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":816,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_breakdance_hide_in_design_set":false,"_breakdance_tags":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-812","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/812","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=812"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/812\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1102,"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/812\/revisions\/1102"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/816"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=812"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=812"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cn-hawe.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=812"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Matematiksel tahmin ile g\u00fcvenli bir makine ayar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki fark<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nBir tonaj hatas\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek bedeli: hatal\u0131 par\u00e7alar m\u0131 yoksa yok edilmi\u015f tak\u0131mlar m\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nTemel Hava B\u00fckme Form\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc Par\u00e7alar\u0131na Ay\u0131rmak<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Standart end\u00fcstri form\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131: her de\u011fi\u015fkenin ger\u00e7ekte neyi temsil etti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamak<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
Neden \u201cyumu\u015fak \u00e7elik\u201d tehlikeli bir referans noktas\u0131d\u0131r (ve ger\u00e7ek \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n rol\u00fc)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
Metrik ve emperyal sabitler: birim kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sonucu sessizce bozdu\u011fu yer<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Kuvvet \u00c7arpanlar\u0131: Malzeme Kalitesi ve Kal\u0131p Geometrisi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
8\u00d7 malzeme kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kural\u0131: nerede ge\u00e7erli, nerede bozuluyor<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Paslanmaz \u00e7elik, al\u00fcminyum ve y\u00fcksek mukavemetli ala\u015f\u0131mlar i\u00e7in kalibrasyon (\u00e7arpan tablosu)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Kal\u0131p a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmek ger\u00e7ekten makinenizi kurtar\u0131r m\u0131, yoksa sadece i\u00e7 yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 m\u0131 bozar?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
B\u00fckme Y\u00f6ntemi Tuza\u011f\u0131: Haval\u0131 B\u00fckme, Tabana Oturtma ve Ezerek B\u00fckme (Coining)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Tabana oturtma ve ezerek b\u00fckme neden tamamen farkl\u0131 bir hesaplama mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerektirir?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
Tabana oturtma, hassasl\u0131ktan y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ne zaman ge\u00e7er?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
E\u011fer madeni para basma (coining) 5 kata kadar tonaj gerektiriyorsa, modern bir CNC'de bu riske girmeye de\u011fer mi?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
Do\u011frulama Ad\u0131m\u0131: Tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n Matemati\u011fe Dayanabilece\u011fini Kan\u0131tlamak<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Toplam makine kapasitesi ile yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f y\u00fck limitleri: fit ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fck tuza\u011f\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u00d6zel z\u0131mba ucunuz hesaplanan kuvveti iletecek y\u00fczey alan\u0131na sahip mi?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Makinenizin tonaj e\u011frisini okumak: merkez hatt\u0131 kapasitesi neden hikayenin tamam\u0131 de\u011fildir?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
Tam Bir Uygulamal\u0131 \u00d6rnek: Bilinmeyen Malzemeden G\u00fcvenli Kuruluma<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Ad\u0131m 1: Eksik de\u011firmen spesifikasyonlar\u0131yla temel \u00e7izgiyi olu\u015fturma<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Ad\u0131m 2: B\u00fck\u00fcm uzunlu\u011fu ve malzeme \u00e7arpanlar\u0131na g\u00f6re ayarlama<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Ad\u0131m 3: Nihai say\u0131y\u0131 z\u0131mba ve kal\u0131p y\u00fck limitlerine g\u00f6re \u00e7apraz kontrol etme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
B\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/th> Temel Noktalar<\/th> Hesaplamalar \/ De\u011ferler<\/th> Sonu\u00e7 \/ Risk<\/th><\/tr><\/thead> Eksik haddehane spesifikasyonlar\u0131 ile temel olu\u015fturma<\/td> Haddehane sertifikas\u0131 eksik oldu\u011funda muhafazakar malzeme mukavemetini varsay\u0131n. B\u00fckme kuvveti, \u00e7ekme mukavemeti ile neredeyse do\u011frusal, kal\u0131nl\u0131k ile ise do\u011frusal olmayan bir \u015fekilde \u00f6l\u00e7eklenir.<\/td> Kal\u0131nl\u0131k = 0,250 in\u00e7 V \u2248 8 \u00d7 kal\u0131nl\u0131k = 2,0 in\u00e7 Kal\u0131nl\u0131k\u00b2 = 0,250\u00b2 = 0,0625 0,0625 \u00f7 2,0 = 0,03125<\/td> Temel \u2248 20\u201325 ton\/ft (24 ton\/ft varsay\u0131n)<\/td><\/tr> Toplam temel tonaj\u0131<\/td> 3 ft b\u00fckme uzunlu\u011fu<\/td> 24 ton\/ft \u00d7 3 ft = 72 ton<\/td> 150 tonluk makinede rahat<\/td><\/tr> Kal\u0131nl\u0131k varyasyonu riski<\/td> Ger\u00e7ek kal\u0131nl\u0131k 0,265 in\u00e7 olarak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc<\/td> 0,265\u00b2 = 0,0702 0,0702 \u00f7 0,0625 \u2248 1,12<\/td> Sadece kal\u0131nl\u0131ktan art\u0131\u015f; toplam kuvvet art\u0131\u015f\u0131 neredeyse \u2192 tak\u0131m ar\u0131zas\u0131 riski<\/td><\/tr> Pratik kontrol<\/td> Her zaman ayn\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcmden hurda ile test edin<\/td> Azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunlukta k\u0131sa test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc<\/td> Tam y\u00fcklemeden \u00f6nce varsay\u0131mlar\u0131 do\u011frular<\/td><\/tr> B\u00fck\u00fcm uzunlu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirmesi<\/td> 36 in\u00e7 b\u00fck\u00fcm uzunlu\u011fu<\/td> 36 \u00f7 12 = 3 ft 24 \u00d7 3 = 72 ton<\/td> Temel toplam kuvvet<\/td><\/tr> Malzeme \u00e7arpan\u0131 (50 ksi'ye kar\u015f\u0131 36 ksi)<\/td> Daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc malzeme i\u00e7in ayarlama<\/td> 50 \u00f7 36 \u2248 1.39 24 \u00d7 1.39 \u2248 33 ton\/ft 33 \u00d7 3 \u2248 99 ton<\/td> Kuvvet ~99 tona y\u00fckselir<\/td><\/tr> Kal\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimi (2.0 in\u00e7 \u2192 1.5 in\u00e7 V)<\/td> Tonaj, V ile ters orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak \u00f6l\u00e7eklenir<\/td> 2.0 \u00f7 1.5 \u2248 1.33 33 \u00d7 1.33 \u2248 44 ton\/ft 44 \u00d7 3 \u2248 132 ton<\/td> Toplam kuvvet ~132 tona \u00e7\u0131kar<\/td><\/tr> Geometri etkisi<\/td> Kal\u0131p geometrisi tonaj\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde etkiler<\/td> Kal\u0131nl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fimi yok; sadece V azalt\u0131ld\u0131<\/td> Tak\u0131m deformasyonu riski<\/td><\/tr> Pratik kontrol<\/td> Se\u00e7ilen kal\u0131pta 6 in\u00e7lik test b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirin<\/td> A\u00e7\u0131 yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki y\u00fck e\u011frisini g\u00f6zlemleyin<\/td> Tabana vurma riskini erken tespit edin<\/td><\/tr> En k\u00f6t\u00fc g\u00fcvenilir durum<\/td> 1,5 in\u00e7 V, 3 fit \u00fczerinde 44 ton\/fit<\/td> 44 \u00d7 3 = 132 ton<\/td> Y\u00fcksek y\u00fck senaryosu<\/td><\/tr> Tak\u0131m derecelendirme kontrol\u00fc (1,5 in\u00e7 V)<\/td> Kal\u0131p derecelendirmesini 30 ton\/fit olarak varsayal\u0131m<\/td> Gerekli 44 ton\/fit ile 30 ton\/fit derecelendirme kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131<\/td> a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fck \u2192 kabul edilemez<\/td><\/tr> 2,0 in\u00e7 V'ye geri d\u00f6n\u00fcn<\/td> G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc malzeme durumu<\/td> 33 ton\/fit gerekli Kal\u0131p derecelendirmesi = 35 ton\/fit 35 \u2212 33 = 2 ton\/fit pay<\/td> ~%6 tak\u0131m pay\u0131 (s\u0131k\u0131)<\/td><\/tr> Makine kapasite kontrol\u00fc<\/td> Konumdaki makine izin verilen de\u011feri = 140 ton<\/td> 140 \u2212 99 = 41 ton (~ pay)<\/td> Kabul edilebilir makine pay\u0131<\/td><\/tr> Y\u00f6ntem karar\u0131<\/td> Kuvvet art\u0131\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle tabana oturtma\/darphane (coining) i\u015fleminden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n<\/td> 2,0 in\u00e7 V'de hava b\u00fckme ile devam edin<\/td> Tak\u0131m s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 koruyun<\/td><\/tr> Nihai kontroll\u00fc kurulum<\/td> Do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f konfig\u00fcrasyon<\/td> Hava b\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fc 2.0, V K\u0131sa uzunluk testi <35 ton\/ft ~\u201330 makine marj\u0131<\/td> Do\u011frulama ve marjlar yoluyla kontrol alt\u0131ndaki sistem<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n Hesap Makinesi Kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131ndan Kendinden Emin Do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131ya<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
De\u011fi\u015fim: \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i hesap makinelerini nihai cevaplar olarak de\u011fil, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktalar\u0131 olarak kullanmak<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Tam \u00fcretime ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce \u00f6n b\u00fck\u00fcm do\u011frulama kontrol listesi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Bir sonraki i\u015fin s\u0131f\u0131rdan ba\u015flamamas\u0131 i\u00e7in kurulumunuzu belgelemek<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n